Differences

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--- reprap-industrial-v1:knowledge-base [2015/10/30 08:15]
Markus Bürgener [Polyamid (PA, Nylon)]
+++ reprap-industrial-v1:knowledge-base [2017/01/18 09:51] (current)
Simon Kühling old revision restored (2016/01/25 13:57)
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+<WRAP clear/>
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-One of the RepRap Industrial 3D printer's core features is its dual extrusion functionality. Producing visually appealing bicolored or bimaterial parts, making functional parts out of a two-material combination or highly accurate complex geometries with fully attached soluble support structures become possible with the two hot-ends extruder head. And not only is the 3D printer equipped with the necessary hardware but also provides well-engineered software tools to ensure precise alignment of the hot-ends via the common easy-to-use wizards.\\
+One of the RepRap Industrial 3D-printer's core features is its dual extrusion functionality. Producing visually appealing bicolored or bimaterial parts, making functional parts out of a two-material combination or highly accurate complex geometries with fully attached soluble support structures become possible with the two hot-ends extruder head. And not only is the 3D printer equipped with the necessary hardware but also provides well-engineered software tools to ensure precise alignment of the hot-ends via the common easy-to-use wizards.\\
-Only load the desired combination of materials and perform the required calibrations, then prepare and upload your G-code and you are ready for dual extrusion. All necessary settings that are required for successfully printing with both hot ends are described in the following.
+Only load the desired combination of materials and perform the required calibrations, then prepare and upload your G-code and you are ready for dual extrusion. All necessary settings that are required for successfully printing with both hot ends are described in the following.\\
+  * [[#basic-dual-extruder-settings|Basic settings]]
+  * [[#printing-with-soluble-support-material|Soluble support]]
+  * [[#post-treatment-of-soluble-hips-support|Post-treatment of soluble HIPS support]]
+  * [[#bicolored-printing|Bicolored printing]]
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+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Basic dual extruder settings ====
 The steps and settings described in the following paragraphs are valid for all multi-material print jobs. Specific information on [[#printing-with-soluble-support-material|printing with soluble support material]] or [[#bicolored-printing|bicolored]] are described in the respective chapters below.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 === 3D printer preparation ===
@@ Line 40: / Line 45: @@
   - For dual extruder prints it is vitally important that both hot ends are precisely leveled to the same height. If not yet done, run the [Print Bed Leveling] wizard and follow the on-screen instructions.
   - The offset of the hot ends must also be calibrated to ensure accurate relative positioning. Run the [Calibrate Extruder Offset] wizard in the //Setup// menu of the GUI. Read and enter the values for X and Y offset and [Save] them.
-  - Do not forget to check the [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#calibrating-the-extrusion|extrusion multiplier]] for the installed materials and respectively to run the [Calibrate Extrusion] wizard for each hot end if required.
+  - Do not forget to check the [[#calibrating-the-extrusion|extrusion multiplier]] for the installed materials and respectively to run the [Calibrate Extrusion] wizard for each hot end if required.
 The 3D printer hardware is now ready for dual extrusion.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
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+<WRAP clear/>
 === Wiper check ===
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   * Place the model in a bath of [[http://kuehlingkuehling.de/product-category/consumables/|Kühling&Kühling wash-out solution]] (97% d-limonene - order directly via [[sales@kuehlingkuehling.de]]) so that it is fully submerged. The bath is best stirred, either with a magnetic stirrer or by other means to provide its full solving capacity and to reduce bathing time.
   * When all remaining HIPS has been dissolved (check occasionally) remove the model from the bath, briefly dry it with a paper towel, and leave it in a warm and bright place (e.g. windowsill) to dry completely.
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Bicolored printing ====
 <WRAP group>
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 [{{:reprap-industrial-v1:cat_split.png?400|3D model preparation for bicolored printing example 1: a model  (http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:62536) split in two for bicolored printing. Both must be aligned with the same relative position and exported as separate STLs.}}]
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 [{{:reprap-industrial-v1:cat_merged.png?400|The two parts correctly positioned and ready for export.}}]
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-===== Materials =====
+<WRAP clear/>
-All information given in the following have been thoroughly tested on the RepRap Industrial and are valid for this 3D printer only.\\
-We guarantee that the stated settings are applicable for the materials provided directly by Kühling&Kühling or manufacturers explicitly named here. Other suppliers are available but since 3D printing filaments are far from being subject to manufacturing standards, Kühling&Kühling cannot be held liable for problems arising from filament obtained from non-specified sources.\\
+===== Print preparations =====
-Nonetheless we will provide assistance and support for any question concerning the handling/printing of materials. Please also refer to the [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#filament-quality-check|filament quality check procedure]] and the respective sections of the [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide|service guide]] as well as the [[reprap-industrial-v1:troubleshooting|troubleshooting guide]] if you experience any trouble with your printing material. We are trying to provide information about and remedies for all known problems and are thankful for any hint on new methods, materials and solutions.
+The term //print preparation// summarizes information about:
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+  * Determining material properties
+    * [[#setting-the-extrusion-temperature|Material specific extrusion temperature]]
+    * [[#calibrating-the-extrusion|Finding the extrusion multiplier]]
+    * [[#filament-quality-check|Filament quality]]
+  * 3D-suitable construction and slicing
+    * [[#handling-3d-files|Handling 3D-files]]
+    * [[#layers-and-quality|Layers and quality]]
+    * [[#dimensional-accuracy|Dimensional accuracy]]
+and the like, which may be useful or required prior to printing.
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Setting the extrusion temperature ====
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 INFO
-//Observe that the temperature shown in the footer of the GUI is measured at the hot end heater and may be 5 - 10 °C lower at the nozzle tip. Try increasing the temperature if you are discontented by the printing results.  \\ \\ When extruding new materials do not forget to print a [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#calibrating-the-extrusion|calibration cube]] to find the correct extrusion multiplier.\\ \\ When no filament profile is active for the extruder, the starting temperature is set as 180 °C.//
+//Observe that the temperature shown in the footer of the GUI is measured at the hot end heater and may be 5 - 10 °C lower at the nozzle tip. Try increasing the temperature if you are discontented by the printing results.  \\ \\ When extruding new materials do not forget to print a [[#calibrating-the-extrusion|calibration cube]] to find the correct extrusion multiplier.\\ \\ When no filament profile is active for the extruder, the starting temperature is set as 180 °C.//
 </WRAP>
 \\
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 But as much as correct temperature settings the G-code (i.e. the Slic3r settings) influences the print process and the final result. Make sure to use the software and hardware settings suitable for the print job. There is no need to print with an 0.25 mm nozzle tip at low speed when printing large, straight-edged objects.\\
 We ourself are constantly testing new procedures, new materials and new geometries and anything we find out will be shared in the documentation.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== Filament quality check ====
-Much to our regret, filament manufacturing is not subject to standardization yet. Although we try to provide material of high quality and stable dimensions, manufacturing faults cannot be totally excluded.\\
-If you order filament of other suppliers, please check back that it is within the stated tolerances. Some manufacturers offer a nominal "3 mm" filament which really is 2.85 mm in diameter, while others indeed sell 3.00 mm.\\
-If you note that material purchased via Kühling&Kühling does not meet the standards we set here, please let us know and we will promptly replace the material. We only ask you to send back the flawed material (return note will be included in the new delivery) so that we can discuss the matter with our supplier.
+==== Handling 3D files ====
+Any information we gather related to improving or easing the slicing process is listed in the following paragraphs.
+=== Profile display problems in Slic3r for Windows ===
+----
+**This bug will be fixed with the upcoming release of SLic3r v1.2.x.**
+----
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-If you experience increased problems with grinding at the drive gear, first thing to check is the quality of the filament currently loaded:
+It is a known problem that in Slic3r for Windows the drop-down lists for the profile selection are too narrow to display the full profile name. This can make it impossible to choose the correct profile when processing your slicing settings for creating a G-code.\\
-  * Is the diameter correct?
-  * Is the filament round?
-  * Is the filament free of bulges and kinks?
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-<WRAP info>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r120_narrowmenus.png?400|Narrow menus make it impossible to read the profile names in Slic3r v1.2.0 for Windows}}]
-INFO
-//To make sure that there is no problem in the filament feed system, try the following:\\
-• Remove the filament feed hose from the filament inlet (push the blue fixing ring and pull the hose out).\\
-• Feed the filament directly through the hose and try printing.\\
-If the problem remains, check the filament as described.\\ \\ Refit the hose afterwards!//
-</WRAP>
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-**Diameter**
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-Measure the diameter at several points (at least 5 per 0.5 m).\\ Measure at least twice (best thrice) at each point at an angle of 90° (60°).
+Try the following to bypass the problem:\\
-The diameter must not deviate from <code>2.85±0.1 mm (2.75 … 2.95 mm)</code>
+  * Select a profile from the drop-down list and click the <save> symbol.\\ This way, you make the profile name visible and editable.
-A diameter of e.g. 2.98 mm will increase friction in the filament feed system and the nozzle barrel and cause compression and jamming of the filament.\\
-A diameter of 3.00 mm will no longer fit through the filament feed inlet.\\
-\\
-Filament below 2.75 mm is, especially when a print job requires a lot of retraction movement, likely to jam the nozzle barrel because molten filament can push itself back up the barrel and form a plug.
 </WRAP>
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-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasurediam_1.png?400|First measured diameter.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r120_narrowmenus_1.png?400|}}]
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasurediam_2.png?400|Second measured diameter.}}]
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasurediam_3.png?400|Third measured diameter - this filament exceeds the stated tolerance and must be replaced.}}]
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-**Roundness**
+  * Delete the current profile name and replace it with a short description, e.g. "LEFT ONLY" instead of "Kuehling&Kuehling RepRap Industrial - LEFT EXTRUDER ONLY".
-Measure two times at the same point.\\ If one diameter deviates from the stated tolerance or if both diameters differ strongly, the filament is out of round and must be replaced.\\
-\\
-Out of round filament, even when meeting the admissible values, is likely to form a plug inside the nozzle barrel because molten filament can push itself back up past the main strand.
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasureround_1.png?400|The measured diameter is below the admissible tolerance ...}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r120_narrowmenus_3.png?400|}}]
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasureround_2.png?400|Measured at the same position, turned 90°. The diameter now exceeds the tolerance - the filament is out of round and must be replaced.}}]
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-**Kinks and bulges**
+  * The shorter description will be fully visible in the list.
+Repeat these steps for all long profile names.
-Visible quality failure such as kinks or bulges may also increase the friction in the filament feed system. Check for visible deformation.
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasurekinks_1.png?400|Visible kinks in the filament may also lead to jamming.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r120_narrowmenus_4.png?400|}}]
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) ====
+=== Easy evaluation of STL-files ===
-ABS is a thermoplastic polystyrene copolymerizate of amorphous micro-structure. It is very durable, rigid, tough and impact-resistant in a temperature range of -45 °C to +70 °C (+80 °C for short-term exposure). The chemical resistance at normal ambient temperature is good against caustic solutions, organic acids, alcohols and fats.\\
+Especially when using files downloaded from open internet sources it may be that these files are not suitable for printing due to export or modeling mistakes. Misaligned edges (non-manifolds) and holes can render a 3D-model unprintable and make troubleshooting on the 3D-printer an infinite displeasure because no obvious reason can be detected.
-ABS finds its uses in the automotive industry, the electrical industry, for toys (e.g the most famous LEGO® brick) and furniture. Covers of kitchenware and office machines as well as body panels in cars and seat shells are often made from ABS. It is the choice material for 3D printed functional parts of excellent dimensional stability, mechanical resilience, and usability as well as meaningful prototypes.\\
-ABS can be assembled by gluing and finished by grinding and sanding as well as painting and varnishing.\\
-The material can be purchased as filament in a wide variety of colors including snow-white and black.
-The RepRap Industrial has been built and optimized for printing ABS. The required settings are provided with the material profile //Kühling&Kühling ABS snow white// installed on the printer at delivery and with the config bundles for Slic3r available at the [[https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/RepRap-Industrial-Slic3r-profiles/releases|GitHub repository]].\\
+One quick and simple way to eliminate this as an error source is checking the suitability of your STL-file for 3D-printing. All you need is a program capable of analyzing the STL-file's mesh.\\
+Slic3r itself can deal with minor troubles and the [[http://www.netfabb.com/|netfabb company]] offers a [[http://www.netfabb.com/downloadcenter.php?basic=1|free basic version]] of their //netfabb studio//, an STL-handling tool with repair functions. Other tools may be as helpful but these two are used to explain how to recognize a corrupted file.
-Heating the build chamber is imperative when printing ABS since a uniform temperature distribution throughout the model is one key to minimize warping. If the entire model is kept at a temperature as near to the material's glass transition temperature (T<wrap lo>eg</wrap>) as possible the cooling process can proceed much more evenly.
-To ensure firm sticking of the first layer, the print bed needs a temperature of at least 100 °C.
-Print ABS on the RepRap Industrial with the following settings
-| Print bed design  | Standard PEI print bed  ||
-| Print bed temperature  | 100 - 110 °C  | Choose higher temperatures the bigger the parts are. |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 70 °C   ||
-| Extruder temperature   | 255 - 265 °C   ||
-| Speed settings  | As preset in the Slic3r profiles ([[https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/RepRap-Industrial-Slic3r-profiles/releases|GitHub]]). ||
-| Idler lever preload   | 5.0 - 5.4 mm  ||
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-Additional things to know
-| Solvent  | Acetone  | Best efficiency when stirred;\\ small amounts of ABS will be dissolved without mechanical interference, larger amounts will soften and can be scraped off or cut away;\\ see [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#cleaning-recommendation|service guide]] for cleaning recommendation of print bed, nozzles and barrels;\\ dissolve ABS remnants for blending ABS glue (see [[#PC]])  |
-| Suitable soluble support material | [[#HIPS]]  | Will extrude at the same chamber/bed temperature settings and can be dissolved in d-limonene without altering the ABS properties.\\ Find more information in [[#High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)|HIPS]] and [[#dual-extrusion|Dual extrusion]]  |
-| Warping  | strong, accurately leveled print bed is mandatory  ||
-| Stringing  | little to none ||
-| Scaling factor to compensate for [[#influence-of-thermal-expansion|thermal expansion]]  | approx. 101 %  ||
-| Support requirements  | Needs support structures for overhangs of more than 45°.  ||
-| Layer binding  | strong  ||
-| Part strength/stability  | strong, tough, medium flexibility ||
-| Drying  | not required  ||
-| Storage  | in the open  ||
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) ====
-HIPS is polybutadiene rubber-modified polystyrene, a semi-crystalline thermoplastic. It has good impact resistance and dimensional stability and is in its natural (translucent white) state FDA compliant.\\
-HIPS is a low cost material that is easy to machine and fabricate, often used for low strength structural components and finds use in food processing applications, prototyping, toys, housings and covers. It is easy to fabricate, paint and glue.\\
-Since HIPS sticks well to ABS, is thermally tolerant and can be dissolved in a medium that does not affect ABS, it makes for a perfect soluble support material for complicated, interlacing ABS objects. Both materials can be printed together in dual extrusion and with new and upcoming Slic3r developments (keep up to date on  [[http://slic3r.org/]]), break-away support with all its disadvantages concerning surfaces will soon be a thing of the past.\\
-\\
-Print HIPS on the RepRap Industrial with the following settings
-| Print bed design  | Standard PEI print bed  |
-| Print bed temperature  | 60 - 100 °C ¹  |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 20 - 70 °C ²  |
-| Extruder temperature   | 220 - 230 °C  |
-| Speed settings  | Use settings for [[#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS]] preset in the standard Slic3r profiles.  |
-¹<wrap lo>) When printing HIPS solely the temperatures of print bed and build chamber can be lowered but HIPS withstands the higher temperatures needed for printing ABS which makes it an ideal soluble support material.</wrap>\\
-²<wrap lo>) To adjust the build chamber temperature follow the description provided [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#Adjusting the build chamber temperature|here]].</wrap>
-Additional things to know
-| Idler lever preload   | 5.0 mm  |||
-| Solvent  | d-limonene  | Best efficiency when stirred.  | <WRAP caution>**USE RESPONSIBLY!**\\ //Limonene can cause skin irritations and is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Fumes are highly flammable.\\ Wear skin protection when handling the solvent. Do not empty into drains. Do not use near open flames or heat sources.\\ Observe the manufacturer's safety data sheet and make accessible to anyone handling Limonene!//</WRAP>  |
-| Warping  | medium, good subsurface contact required  ||
-| Stringing  | little to none ||
-| Support requirements  | Needs support structures for overhangs of more than 45°.  ||
-| Layer binding  | good to medium, depending on contact area  ||
-| Part strength/stability  | medium, hard surface, thin structures are brittle ||
-| Drying  | not required  ||
-| Storage  | in the open  ||
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== Polyamid (PA, Nylon) =====
-Nylon used in 3D printing is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic of manifold technical uses. PA6 and PA6.6 have become famous in textile fabrication and gave "Nylon" its worldwide reputation. They are both still very important in textile industries.\\
-For 3D printing, PA6 and PA12 are most commonly used. They differ in their mechanical and chemical properties and applications.\\
-PA 6 has good dampening and wear characteristics, is thermostable up to +70 °C and impact resistant down to -40 °C. In combination with its high tensile strength it is used for various applications, such as bearings, coatings, housings, guitar strings and surgery suture material, motor parts and others. Its main disadvantage is its strong water absorption (up to 2.6 %) which induces swell and loss of tensile strength.\\
-PA12 is the polyamid with the lowest water absorption (0.7 %) and therefore suitable for constructive parts in humid environment. It is not as strong and thermostable as PA 6 (up to +50 °C) but chemically resistant and impact resistant. PA12 is used as packing material in food and pharmaceutical applications, for cable insulation and gas and oil resistant hoses.\\
-All polyamids are warping strongly and require adaptation of the print settings.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-=== PA 12 ===
-Printing PA12 on a RepRap Industrial
-|<100% 30% 70%>|
-| Print bed  | Standard PEI print bed  |
-| Print bed temperature  | 130°C for the first layer (only!) then reduce to 100°C for the following layers. |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 70°C  |
-| Extruder temperature  | 285°C for the first layer (only!) then reduce to 270°C for the following layers. |
-| Speed settings  | Set first layer speed to 2mm/s; following layers can be extruded at standard [[#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS]] settings. |
-| Infill  | 25% rectiliniear  |
-| Solid layers Top/Bottom  | 3  |
-| Perimeters  | 3  |
-| Brim  | 2-5mm  |
-| Support material contact Z-distance  | 0.15mm  |
-Additional things to know
-|<100% 30% 70%>|
-| Idler lever preload  | 3.2 mm or less  |
-| Drying  | recommended; dry at 60°C for 2-4 hrs.  |
-| Storage  | in closed lid container after drying, preferably with desiccant  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-=== PA6 ===
-PA 12 produces strong and stable prints.\\
-Printing PA6 on a RepRap Industrial
-|<100% 30% 70%>|
-| Print bed design    | Tufnol with PVA glue  |
-| Print bed temperature  | 130°C    |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 70°C     |
-| Extruder temperature  | 260 to 280°C  |
-| Speed settings  | Set first layer speed to 2mm/s; following layers can be extruded at standard [[#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS]] settings. |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-Additional things to know
-|<100% 30% 70%>|
-| Idler lever preload  | 3.2 mm or less  |
-| Drying  | required; dry at 60 - 80 °C for 2 - 8 hrs.  |
-| Storage  | in closed lid container after drying, preferably with desiccant  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-¹ <wrap lo>Dry for at least 3 hours at room temperature. Applying heat (∼100 °C) reduces drying time to 15 - 20 minutes.</wrap>\\
-==== Polycarbonate (PC) =====
-PC is an amorphous thermoplastic of high strength, impact resistance, rigidity and hardness. Due to the micro-structure, PC is clear and colorless although colorized varieties are available.\\
-It finds its commercial use as a replacement for glass (airplane windows), in optical applications (lenses), for housings and, its most famous application, CDs, DVDs, Blue-Rays. It is most commonly used where other plastics are too damageable.\\
-PC has good insulation properties for electrical currents and is resistant against most mineral acids, oils and fats.\\
-Extruding PC requires high temperatures since it has a high melting temperature and is warping strongly. The print bed must be pretreated with ABS glue.\\
-D printed PC is strong and stiff. Support material generated from PC is hard to remove due to the excellent layer binding characteristics and object design should regard this.\\
-\\
-Choose the following settings for PC extrusion with the RepRap Industrial
-| Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed with ABS glue*  |
-| Print bed temperature  | 120 °C    |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 75 - 80 °C   |
-| Extruder temperature  | 275 - 280 °C  |
-| Speed settings  | Use presets for [[#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS]] in the standard Slic3r profiles.  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-<wrap lo> *) Dissolve ABS remnants in Acetone until you get a thin, opaque liquid. Apply thinly by dappling the print bed with a soaked cloth.</wrap>
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-Additional things to know
-| Idler lever preload  | 3.5 mm   ||
-| Solvent  | Acetone  | Best results when stirred.  |
-| Warping  | very strong, needs sound contact to the accurately leveled print bed  ||
-| Stringing  | medium  ||
-| Support requirements  | Needs support structures for overhangs at 45°. Due to the strong layers, support is hard to remove without breaking delicate structures.  ||
-| Layer binding  | very strong  ||
-| Part strength/stability  | tough, hard and brittle  ||
-| Drying  | urgent; dry at 110 - 120 °C for 4 - 8 hrs.  ||
-| Storage  | with desiccant in sealed lid container after drying  ||
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Copolyester =====
-PET-Copolyester is a derivate of the thermoplastic PET. It is highly wear and abrasion resistant and chemically resistant to acidic solutions, chlorinated aqueous solutions (e.g. used to sanitize food processing equipment), fuels and fats.\\
-PET-Copolyester is, like PET, commonly used for packagings, bottles and sheets in the food and medical industries as well as for displays and covers.\\
-Printing PET-Copolyester with the RepRap Industrial is quite easy as the material is much less demanding than ABS and can be printed at lower temperatures. It best sticks to the print bed at a temperature of 60 °C and requires no build chamber heating at all, although heating does not negatively influence the print (which may be necessary for dual extrusion of different materials).\\
-Warping is not an issue when printing PET-Copolyester. The printed surfaces are of high quality and the objects are dimensionally stable. Uncolored material stays transparent when 3D printed.\\ \\
-PET-Copolyester can be purchased as 3D printing filament under the brand name //XT-Coployester// directly from the manufacturer //ColorFabb// in a wide range of colors. It comes with multiple FDA certifications.
-Use the following settings for PET-Copolyester extrusion:
-| Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed  |
-| Print bed temperature  | 60 - 80 °C    |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 20 - 50 °C  |
-| Extruder temperature  | 260 to 270 °C ¹ |
-| Speed settings | Use presets for [[#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS]] in the standard Slic3r profiles. |
-¹ <wrap lo>The higher the temperature, the more translucent clear material is extruded.</wrap>\\
-\\
-Additional things to know:
-| Idler lever preload  | 4.5 mm  ||
-| Solvent | Trichloroacetic acid | <WRAP warning>DANGER TO HEALTH!\\ //Trichloroacetic acid is highly caustic at skin contact and can cause respiratory tract irritation when inhaled. It is also very toxic to aquatic organisms.\\ Always wear skin and eye protection when handling the agent. Observe the manufacturer's safety data sheet and make accessible to anyone handling the solvent.\\ Do not empty into drains.// </WRAP>  |
-| :::  | Saturated steam  | <WRAP warning>DANGER OF BURNING!\\ //Saturated steam has a temperature of at least +120 °C.\\ Skin contact can cause severe burning injuries. Make sure that saturated steam cannot escape during the heating process.//</WRAP>  |
-| Warping  | strong, needs sound contact to the accurately leveled print bed  ||
-| Stringing  | strong, cobweb-like; increasing with the extrusion temperature ||
-| Support requirements  | Can be extruded without support for overhangs up to 60°. Due to the strong layers, support is hard to remove without breaking delicate structures.  ||
-| Layer binding  | strong  ||
-| Part strength/stability  | tough, hard and flexible; clear material is brittle  ||
-| Drying  | not required  ||
-| Storage  | in the open  ||
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) =====
-PVA is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that is used in papermaking, textiles, and a variety of coatings. As 3D printing filament, is has a yellowish clear appearance.\\
-PVA has excellent film forming, emulsifying and adhesive properties. It is also resistant to oil, grease and solvents. It has high tensile strength and flexibility, as well as high oxygen and aroma barrier properties. However these properties are dependent on humidity, in other words, with higher humidity more water is absorbed.\\
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-PVA easily absorbs air moisture which leads to an increase in diameter that may cause jamming of the nozzle and affects prints negatively by degassing.\\ Absorption of water reduces the tensile strength, but increases elongation and tear strength.
+__Slic3r part info:__\\ (see [[http://manual.slic3r.org/advanced/repairing-models|Slic3r manual]] also)\\
+After opening a file in Slic3r, the info box in the bottom-right corner of the plater shows information on the model status. For a single, suitable part the info must look like:\\
+''Factes: xxxxx (1 shells)''\\
+''Manifold: Yes''\\
+If it displays ''Manifold: Auto-repaired (xxxx errors)'' the file contains degenerations.\\ It is most likely that it also shows an increased number of shells (e.g. ''Facets: xxxxx (6 shells)'' because the part has been split.\\ Also check the 3D-preview for visible defects. In this case it is better to repair or reconstruct the model.\\ Regard that the auto-repair function of Sic3r is only suited for repairing minor defects.
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-<WRAP info>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_brokenpart-analysis.png?400|Slic3r info box for a flawless (above) and a corrupted (below) part.}}]
-INFO
-//We recommend drying PVA for 2 - 3 hours at 60 °C before printing the first time and store it in a sealed container with drying granulate.//
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-</WRAP>
-D printed PVA objects are stiff and brittle, the layer binding is excellent and the warpage minimal. PVA is a useful support material vor [[reprap-industrial-v1:knowledge-base#PET-Copolyester|PETG]] since both materials can be extrude at equal temperature settigns and stick viably together.
-Choose the following settings for extruding PVA with the RepRap Industrial
-| Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed  |
-| Print bed temperature  | max. 60 °C    |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 30 - 40 °C     |
-| Extruder temperature  | 205 - 215 °C  |
-| Speed settings  | Use presets for [[#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS]] in the standard Slic3r profiles.  |
-Additional things to know
-| Idler lever preload  | 3.5 mm   ||
-| Solvent  | Water  | Best solving properties when heated to 30 to 40 °C and stirred.  |
-| Drying  | required; dry at 60 °C for 3 - 4 hrs.  ||
-| Storage  | in closed lid container after drying, preferably with desiccant  ||
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) =====
-TPEs are a group of elastomers suited to be printed with 3D printers. They come in different mixtures, according to the basic substances used. There are polyolefin blends (TPE-o commonly simply called TPE), polyurethan-based TPE-u (or TPU), styrenic block copolymers (TPE-s) and more. They all provide elastic properties and can be used for printing dampers, seals or plugs and a lot of other parts that need elasticity and flexibility.\\
-\\
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-Printing TPEs cannot be done without some alterations of the RepRap Industrial's standard setup. First thing needed is an adapter (provided for download at [[https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/Tools-Accessories|Kühling&Kühling GitHub]]) to bridge the gap between the extruder drive gear and the hot-end inlet otherwise the flexible material will twist and bent. Also, the standard print bed will not suffice and some of the Slic3r settings must be adapted.
+__Evaluation and repair with netfabb basic:__\\ (see [[http://www.netfabb.com/manuals_download.php|netfabb basic manual]] also)\\
+If you open a (supposedly broken) STL in netfabb, the program will display a red warning sign in the bottom-right corner when the part is indeed faulty.\\ To see mismatches, run the part repair function by clicking on the red cross sign in the toolbar or via the //Extras// menu. The part is analyzed and all mesh information are displayed, including holes, invalid orientation etc. You can try using the auto-repair function or manually repair defects (very limited in the basic edition) to correct the part prior to newly exporting it as STL.\\
+\\
+If simple repair does not lead to satisfactorily results, redesigning or renouncing this specific part and choosing another one may be the best choices.
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:knba_flexfilatrouble.png?400|Flexible filament bending and twisting without and extruding smoothly with the adapter installed.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:netfab_brokenpart-analysis.png?400|Alert of mismatches in an STL and the preview of misaligned edges and holes in netfabb basic's part repair. }}]
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:knba_installflexfilaadapater.png?400|Installing the adapter for flexible filaments.}}]
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-Choose the following settings for extruding TPE with the RepRap Industrial
+=== Overhang - adjusting the layer thickness ===
-| Print bed design    | TPE-o: Epoxy-resin based board (e.g. FR4)  |
+If you want to print filigree objects with overhanging structures without adding supports, try reducing the layer thickness for this print by 15 - 20%. This will result in a finer Z-axis resolution and increased overlay of subsequent layers so that more stability is gained over the height of the target object.
-|::: | TPE-u: standard PEI print bed  |
-| Print bed temperature  | TPE-o: 105 °C  |
-|::: | TPE-u: 70 °C   |
-| Build chamber temperature  | max. 40 °C     |
-| Extruder temperature  | TPE-o: 230 - 240 °C  |
-|::: | TPE-u: 225 - 240 °C  |
-| Speed settings  | - massively reduce print speed:\\ max. 7 m/s for every print operation (all perimeters, infill, support etc.)\\ or\\ volumetric speed 1 mm³/s (available since Slic3r v1.2.8)\\ - reduced priming speed (see [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#g-code-manipulation|here]]) |
-Additional things to know
-| Idler lever preload  | 4.3 mm   ||
-| Nozzle tip | 0.5 or above  ||
-| Solvent  | None  | Elastomers do not stick to metal or other plastic surfaces easily and can simply be pulled off for most cleaning purposes.  |
-| Drying  | not required  ||
-| Storage  | in the open  ||
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== Polylactic Acid (PLA) =====
+=== Modifying infill and perimeters ===
-PLA, a polyester derivate that is due to its molecular structure biodegradable in composting plants, is one of the most common 3D printing material since it is easy-to-use and very rewarding. It is mostly used in 3D printing for visualization of organic forms, such as architectural and landscape models, busts, and decoration. Industrial applications of PLA are found in farming (mulch foils), medical engineering (implants and fixation, seam material), food packaging (yogurt pots), and the textile industry; its UV-resistance, high flashpoint and colorfastness make it useful in a variety of other applications.\\
+There are currently two Slic3r profiles available at our [[https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/RepRap-Industrial-Slic3r-profiles|GitHub repository]] that provide preset ready-to-print slicing settings. Her are some tips for handling these profiles to adjust them to your needs.\\
-The mechanical properties of PLA are near those of Polystyrene (PS) but with a lower glass transition and continuous operation temperature (45 - 65 °C), which makes it unusable for exposition to heat (e.g. coffee mugs).\\
+The //SOLID// profile normally needs no modification since it comes with stable, reliable settings for printing solid objects with 100 % infill.\\
-PLA is available from a lot of manufacturers in a variety of colors and different fillers (e.g. wood or bronze fill), which makes it easily available, relatively cheap and suitable for many visualization applications. Due to the high availability it is not part of the Kühling&Kühling product range.\\
+The //ECO// profile supplies settings for objects with loosened infill. This makes objects lighter and reduces the print time and the material consumption. To achieve good results, the settings may have to be adjusted.\\
+We recommend to set the following always for printing ECO objects:
-Choose the following settings for extruding PLA with the RepRap Industrial
+  * A hull thickness of 1.0 to 1.5 mm. As a rule of thumb divide the hull thickness by the nozzle tip diameter and set the amount of perimeters equal to the result. Such, a closed, smooth and stable hull is ensured.
-| Print bed design    | standard PEI print bed, glass |
+  * Honeycomb infill as it provides highest stability at optimal density.
-| Print bed temperature  | 40 - 60 °C  |
+  * A minimum infill of 15 %.
-| Build chamber temperature  | 20 - 40 °C     |
+  * A maximum infill of 30 %. Increasing the infill further does not have a significant advantage compared to a solid body but strongly increases the printing time.
-| Extruder temperature  | 180 - 235 °C *  |
+<WRAP clear/>
-| Speed settings  | - reduce print speed (max. 20 m/s for all perimeters) *  |
-*<wrap lo> depending on color, filler; test to find best suitable settings for your application.\\ For example: [[http://colorfabb.com|colorFabb's]] famous //woodfill// is best extruded at 225 °C with 12 mm/s for perimeters and 24 mm/s for the infill.</wrap>
-Additional things to know
-| Idler lever preload  | 4.0 mm   ||
-| Nozzle tip | 0.5 or above  ||
-| Solvent  | Tetrahydrofuran  | <WRAP caution>**USE RESPONSIBLY!**\\ //Tetrahydrofuran can cause eye irritations and irritations of the respiratory system. Fumes are easily flammable.\\ Apply skin protection cream or wear protective gloves when handling the solvent. Do not empty into drains. Do not use near open flames or heat sources.\\ Observe the manufacturer's safety data sheet and make accessible to anyone handling tetrahydrofuran!//</WRAP>  |
-| Layer binding  | good  ||
-| Part strength/stability  | medium  ||
-| Drying  | not required  ||
-| Storage  | in the open  ||
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-===== High-temperature materials =====
-For extruding the materials described in the following temperatures above 300°C are required. For 3D printing them on a RepRap Industrial this means that the ([[sales@kuehlingkuehling.de|optional]]) high-temperature hot-end is required, which allows for extrusion temperatures of up to 400°C.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ====
-PEEK is a semi-crystalline high performance thermoplast resembling Polyoxymethylene (POM) or PET but with better mechanical properties and temperature stability. Also, it features a high solidity, stiffness, chemical and radiation resistance, high flaming point and good sliding and wear properties.\\
-Due to its superior properties, the material is very expensive, which often makes it second choice behind POM or similar.\\
-PEEK is typically used for bearings, thrust washers, gear wheels, gaskets and pumps.\\
-Printing PEEK on a RepRap Industrial:
-|<100% 25% 75%>|
-| Print bed design  | Standard PEI print bed  |
-| Print bed temperature  | 130 - 140°C  |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 70°C   |
-| Extruder temperature   | 370 - 395°C   |
-| Speed settings  | Reduced speeds; approx. 70% of the standard settings for ABS. |
-| Idler lever preload   | 1mm  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-Additional information:
-|<100% 25% 75%>|
-| Warping  | low  |
-| Stringing  | little to none |
-| Drying  | not required  |
-| storage  | in the open  |
-| FDA and EMA compliant ||
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-===== Layers and quality =====
+==== Layers and quality ====
 If it comes to high-quality printing, there is no way to avoid grappling with the "layers" topic. The layer settings influence the quality of a print in the same way as extrusion temperature and movement speed do. In fact, all of these settings interact and influence one another, but you may have recognized that in every slicing software there are a lot of layer-specific settings waiting for adjustment.\\
 The following paragraphs are meant to give you an overview on the topic and further to provide you with detailed information about necessary basic and useful advanced settings to stepwise increase your prints with the RepRap Industrial.\\
@@ Line 673: / Line 438: @@
 When talking about software settings we always refer to the Slic3r software of Alessandro Ranellucci and his team ([[http://slic3r.org/]]).\\
 Everything else only refers to printing with the RepRap Industrial, since this is the basis of our experience. Most things may also be valid for other appliances and different slicing software since it is basic knowledge about FFF manufacturing which can be found elsewhere in books and on the internet. We want to enable the user of a RepRap Industrial to achieve the best possible results with his machine and to provide the necessary knowledge from a single source.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
-==== Warping prevention ====
+=== Warping prevention ===
 One of the most important factors deciding whether a print finishes at all and if it does defining the final quality is the adhesion of the first layer to the print bed. The first layer channels off heat tensions from the printed object into the print bed.\\ ABS, Polycarbonate and Nylon for example are very prone to warping, so only firm adherence to the subsurface can effectively prevent bending and warping. With a first layer not sticking to the subsurface all-over, tensions will manifest all through the model - the object will detach itself from the print bed and the print is wasted. High temperature effected tensions manifest ever stronger with increasing height of the printed model. Long, straight perimeters enhance this effect further.\\
 Three factors determine the adhesion:
-  - A correctly leveled print bed (explained under [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#print-bed-leveling|Tips & Tricks]]),
+  - A correctly leveled print bed (explained under [[#print-bed-leveling|Tips & Tricks]]),
   - the material of the print bed and
   - the temperature of the print bed.
@@ Line 686: / Line 451: @@
 The required print bed temperature for any material tested on the RepRap Industrial 3D printer can also be found in the [[knowledge-base#materials|Materials']] descriptions.
-Other Slic3r settings that help minimizing warping are described in the slicing chapter of [[tips-tricks?&#first-layer|Tips & Tricks]].
+Other Slic3r settings that help minimizing warping are described in the [[#first-layer|Tips & Tricks]] rubric.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
-==== The first layer ====
+=== The first layer ===
 One thing that always stands out when preparing a print job with the slicing software are the **first layer** settings. While everything thereafter is only "layers", the first layer is especially important for the result of any print job.\\
 This is because of the requirements imposed on the first layer:
@@ Line 776: / Line 542: @@
 <WRAP half column>
   * For filigree or thin-walled objects add a 3 to 6 mm brim and/or 3 to 8 raft layers to increase the effective adhering area (see [[http://manual.slic3r.org/|Slic3r manual]] also).
-  * Adding a raft may also compensate leveling mistakes as described [[tips-tricks#Tips-for-easier-leveling|here]].
+  * Adding a raft may also compensate leveling mistakes as described [[#tips-for-easier-leveling|here]].
 </WRAP>
@@ Line 789: / Line 555: @@
 === Adhesion faults ===
 The fault easiest to diagnose and remedy is the presence of abhesives on the print bed. Recently removed an object from the print bed? Maybe touched the surface? Fingerprints are very effective separating agents that will with certainty prevent sticking of the filament. Any oil, fat, grease or the like will have this effect, so make sure you always [[service-guide#Cleaning recommendation|clean]] the print bed with a suitable solvent before starting a new print.\\
-In most cases, [[tips&tricks#Print bed leveling|false leveling]] of the print bed is the reason for unsatisfactorily adhesion of the first layer. If the distance between the print bed surface and the nozzle tip becomes to wide, the filament will not be pressed but laid on the surface and single strands will not merge. No cohesion between adjoined strands and no adherence to the underground will develop. It is easy to recognize and as easy to correct such faults as result from false leveling.\\
+In most cases, [[#print-bed-leveling|false leveling]] of the print bed is the reason for unsatisfactorily adhesion of the first layer. If the distance between the print bed surface and the nozzle tip becomes to wide, the filament will not be pressed but laid on the surface and single strands will not merge. No cohesion between adjoined strands and no adherence to the underground will develop. It is easy to recognize and as easy to correct such faults as result from false leveling.\\
 Too low a temperature of the print bed also effects poor first layer adhesion. In such cases it might be necessary to find the correct temperature by simply trying. If you cannot succeed with this, something might be wrong with the heating element.
-==== Following layers ====
+=== Following layers ===
 Whereas the first layer decides if a print can be finished or not, the following layers influence the fineness and optical appearance of the model. Thinner layers improve the surface quality and chamfers and curvatures are more refined and smooth with much less visible steps. But choosing a lower layer height will also increase the printing time. Regard that halving the layer height more than doubles the print time and at some point the improvement of the appearance will be no longer visible. The other way around you will receive a rougher surface in a shorter time. It is depending on your demands which resolution you try to achieve and how much time you are able or willing to invest for a certain result. The slicing settings are not limited in this regard, so feel free to try it out.\\
 We recommend the following settings when printing ABS or other viscous materials:
   * The minimal layer height should not undercut ''0.1 mm''. For values below this we have no adequate experience since the improvement in surface resolution stands way behind the increase of print time. More inviscid materials may allow even thinner layers.\\ Regard that the layer height is not necessarily limited by the nozzle tip diameter; it is possible to receive excellent results printing 0.1 mm layers with a 0.35 mm nozzle tip. In the same regard take note that the layer height does not implicitly improve every result. When it comes to fine structures and sharp edges, choosing a smaller nozzle tip without reducing the corresponding layer height can be the key to success.
   * The maximal layer height should not exceed 80 % of the nozzle tip diameter. Above this value the distance between nozzle tip and previous layer becomes too far and the extruded amount of material may not suffice for good layer binding and thus strong, stable objects.\\ Slicing software like Slic3r do allow configuring layer heights up to the actual nozzle tip diameter (100%) but broad experience in FFF 3D printing and the Open Source RepRap 3D printer development shows, that max. 80% is a safe approximate value for best results.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
-===== Dimensional accuracy =====
+==== Dimensional accuracy ====
 Dimensional accuracy is a core demand of any manufacturing process and therefore is a feature very much looked into in the RepRap Industrial 3D printer. It is built to provide high mechanical accuracy in positioning and supports a variety of possibilities to compensate for mechanical influence factors to improve appearance and dimensional accuracy (e.g. precise [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#backlash-calibration|backlash calibration]]).\\
 Also, the recommended slicing software [[http://slic3r.org/|Slic3r]] calculates extrusion width, material flow and movement to precisely match the dimensions given in the .stl-file.\\
@@ Line 806: / Line 572: @@
 Currently, it is not possible to compensate all influences equally and at the same time but the following tips provide some means to improve the dimensional accuracy of your prints if required.
-==== Influence of thermal expansion ====
+=== Influence of thermal expansion ===
 Any material is subject to thermal expansion when heated and shrinkage when cooled. Since the temperature range a plastic passes through during a print is very wide, reaching from around 100 °C at the print bed surface to approx. 20 °C when taken out of the build chamber, the influence of thermal expansion cannot be neglected. Thermoplastics usually have a relatively high thermal expansion factor.\\
 For example: the thermal linear expansion coefficient ''α''<sub>''L''</sub> of ABS is approximately ''1x10''<sup>''⁻4''</sup> ''K''<sup>''-1''</sup>, which means that a part of 25 mm length (or diameter) will shrink by approximately:\\ \\
@@ Line 840: / Line 606: @@
 |  5.00   | |  ''4.94''   |  1.18  | |  ''4.99''   |  0.30  | |  ''4.98''   |  0.50  |
 |  2.50   | |  ''2.40''   |  4.20  | |  ''2.44''   |  2.40  | |  ''2.45''   |  1.93  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
@@ Line 861: / Line 627: @@
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
-==== Influence of backlash ====
+=== Influence of backlash ===
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
@@ Line 872: / Line 639: @@
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP group>
@@ Line 891: / Line 657: @@
 </WRAP>
-==== Small holes ====
+=== Small holes ===
 Small hole dimensions may be subject to two additional error causes apart from shrinkage and print head positioning.
@@ Line 920: / Line 686: @@
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Filament quality check ====
+Much to our regret, filament manufacturing is not subject to standardization yet. Although we try to provide material of high quality and stable dimensions, manufacturing faults cannot be totally excluded.\\
+If you order filament of other suppliers, please check back that it is within the stated tolerances. Some manufacturers offer a nominal "3 mm" filament which really is 2.85 mm in diameter, while others indeed sell 3.00 mm.\\
+If you note that material purchased via Kühling&Kühling does not meet the standards we set here, please let us know and we will promptly replace the material. We only ask you to send back the flawed material (return note will be included in the new delivery) so that we can discuss the matter with our supplier.
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+If you experience increased problems with grinding at the drive gear, first thing to check is the quality of the filament currently loaded:
+  * Is the diameter correct?
+  * Is the filament round?
+  * Is the filament free of bulges and kinks?
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+<WRAP info>
+INFO
+//To make sure that there is no problem in the filament feed system, try the following:\\
+• Remove the filament feed hose from the filament inlet (push the blue fixing ring and pull the hose out).\\
+• Feed the filament directly through the hose and try printing.\\
+If the problem remains, check the filament as described.\\ \\ Refit the hose afterwards!//
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+**Diameter**
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Measure the diameter at several points (at least 5 per 0.5 m).\\ Measure at least twice (best thrice) at each point at an angle of 90° (60°).
+The diameter must not deviate from <code>2.85±0.1 mm (2.75 … 2.95 mm)</code>
+A diameter of e.g. 2.98 mm will increase friction in the filament feed system and the nozzle barrel and cause compression and jamming of the filament.\\
+A diameter of 3.00 mm will no longer fit through the filament feed inlet.\\
+\\
+Filament below 2.75 mm is, especially when a print job requires a lot of retraction movement, likely to jam the nozzle barrel because molten filament can push itself back up the barrel and form a plug.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasurediam_1.png?400|First measured diameter.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasurediam_2.png?400|Second measured diameter.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasurediam_3.png?400|Third measured diameter - this filament exceeds the stated tolerance and must be replaced.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+**Roundness**
+Measure two times at the same point.\\ If one diameter deviates from the stated tolerance or if both diameters differ strongly, the filament is out of round and must be replaced.\\
+\\
+Out of round filament, even when meeting the admissible values, is likely to form a plug inside the nozzle barrel because molten filament can push itself back up past the main strand.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasureround_1.png?400|The measured diameter is below the admissible tolerance ...}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasureround_2.png?400|Measured at the same position, turned 90°. The diameter now exceeds the tolerance - the filament is out of round and must be replaced.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+**Kinks and bulges**
+Visible quality failure such as kinks or bulges may also increase the friction in the filament feed system. Check for visible deformation.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:filametmeasurekinks_1.png?400|Visible kinks in the filament may also lead to jamming.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Calibrating the extrusion ====
+The stability and dimensional accuracy of any printed object require a correct amount of filament conveyed through the nozzle. Too little extrusion and the part will be thin-walled, fragile and likely to break. Too much material is likely to clog the nozzle and ruin the print.
+The amount of material effectively conveyed through the nozzle is depending on:
+  * the 3D printer itself - slight variations are possible due to the manufacturing process;
+  * the actual filament diameter - in the range of the dimensional stability of the filament;
+  * the printed material's properties - the extruder drive wheel grinds deeper into softer materials, thus reducing the actual diameter;
+  * the idler tension - high tension will cause the drive wheels teeth to grind deeply into the filament, causing a dilation of the material and a reduced output.\\
+\\
+To make sure that the print result is stable and accurate, an //extrusion multiplier// must be found for every material on every apparatus; it may be that this factor must be found for every spool of filament.\\
+The correct extrusion multiplier is set in the slicing software, compensating for the above named variables.\\
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+To find the correct multiplier, open the //Setup// menu at the GUI and choose [Calibrate Extrusion].\\ \\
+A detailed description for ABS filament can be found [[reprap-industrial-v1:software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#extruder-calibration|here]].\\
+For other materials, the same procedure applies but you have to prepare a G-code for the test print.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:gui_v110_setup_selectcalibextr.png?400||Choose the [Calibrate Extrusion] wizard from the //Setup// menu (either software version).}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+To create a G-code for the extrusion calibration, you need an stl-file of a cube with the dimensions 30x30x15 mm (download {{:reprap-industrial-v1:calibrationcube_30x30x15.stl|here}}).
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_calibrateextrusion_cubeprepost.png?400|The 30x30x15 mm calibration cube as OpenSCAD model and ready sliced with Slic3r (view taken with Repetier-Host).}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Load the stl-file in Slic3r and select the //Print Settings// tab.\\
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_selectpartsettings_2.png?400|Load the calibration cube stl-file in Slic3r.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Choose the //SOLID// profile as a basis.
+\\
+Choose the following settings to make the cube a box without a lid and only one perimeter of 0.5 mm thickness for a wall:
+| Layers and Perimeters -> Vertical shells\\  Perimeters (minimum)  |  1  |
+| Layers and Perimeters -> Horizontal shells\\ Solid Layers TOP |  0  |
+| Layers and Perimeters -> Horizontal shells\\ Solid Layers BOTTOM |  3  |
+| Infill -> Fill density  |  0 %  |
+| Advanced -> Default extrusion width  |  0.5  |
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_selectprintsettings_calibrateextrusion.png?400|Select the //Layers and perimeters// according to the adjacent table.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_selectprintsettingsinfill_calibrateextrusion.png?400|Select the //Infill// according to the adjacent table.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_selectprintsettings_calibrateextrusion_advanced.png?400|Select the //Default extrusion width// according to the adjacent table.}}]
+<WRAP info>
+INFO
+//Saving these settings as an "extruder calibration" profile will make this calibration much more comfortable in the future.//
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Upload the G-code to your 3D printer, print it, measure the wall thicknesses, and calculate the mean value.\\
+\\
+Then open the [Calibrate Extrusion] wizard and enter the mean value.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:gui_setupmenu_v110_extrusionmultiplier.png?400|Adjust the preset "0.50 mm" value via the touch buttons and read the necessary extrusion multiplier directly from the display.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+The displayed extrusion multiplier can be entered in Slic3r (Filament settings) and saved in the filament profile.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_extrusionmultiplier.png?400|Enter the extrusion multiplier in Slic3r and save the filament profile (rename!).}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+<WRAP clear/>
+===== Materials =====
+All information given in the following have been thoroughly tested on the RepRap Industrial and are valid for this 3D-printer only.\\
+We guarantee that the stated settings are applicable for the materials provided directly by Kühling&Kühling or manufacturers explicitly named here. Other suppliers are available but since 3D printing filaments are far from being subject to manufacturing standards, Kühling&Kühling cannot be held liable for problems arising from filament obtained from non-specified sources.\\
+Nonetheless we will provide assistance and support for any question concerning the handling/printing of materials. Please also refer to the [[#filament-quality-check|filament quality check procedure]] and the respective sections of the [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide|service guide]] as well as the [[reprap-industrial-v1:troubleshooting|troubleshooting guide]] if you experience any trouble with your printing material. We are trying to provide information about and remedies for all known problems and are thankful for any hint on new methods, materials and solutions.\\
+  * [[#acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-abs|Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)]]
+  * [[#high-impact-polystyrene-hips|High-impact Polystyrene (HIPS)]]
+  * [[#polyamid-pa-nylon|Polyamid (PA, Nylon)]]
+  * [[#polycarbonate-pc|Polycarbonate (PC)]]
+  * [[#polyethylene-terephthalate-pet-copolyester|Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Copolyester)]]
+  * [[#polyvinyl-alcohol-pva|Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)]]
+  * [[#thermoplastic-elastomer-tpe|Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)]]
+  * [[#polylactic-acid-pla|Polylactic Acid (PLA)]]
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) ====
+ABS is a thermoplastic polystyrene copolymerizate of amorphous micro-structure. It is very durable, rigid, tough and impact-resistant in a temperature range of -45°C to +70°C (+80°C for short-term exposure). The chemical resistance at normal ambient temperature is good against caustic solutions, organic acids, alcohols and fats.\\
+ABS finds its uses in the automotive industry, the electrical industry, for toys (e.g the most famous LEGO® brick) and furniture. Covers of kitchenware and office machines as well as body panels in cars and seat shells are often made from ABS. It is the choice material for 3D printed functional parts of excellent dimensional stability, mechanical resilience, and usability as well as meaningful prototypes.\\
+ABS can be assembled by gluing and finished by grinding and sanding as well as painting and varnishing.\\
+The material can be purchased as filament in a wide variety of colors including snow-white and black.
+The RepRap Industrial has been built and optimized for printing ABS. The required settings are provided with the material profile //Kühling&Kühling ABS snow white// installed on the printer at delivery and with the config bundles for Slic3r available at the [[https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/RepRap-Industrial-Slic3r-profiles/releases|GitHub repository]].\\
+Heating the build chamber is imperative when printing ABS since a uniform temperature distribution throughout the model is one key to minimize warping. If the entire model is kept at a temperature as near to the material's glass transition temperature (T<wrap lo>eg</wrap>) as possible the cooling process can proceed much more evenly.
+To ensure firm sticking of the first layer, the print bed needs a temperature of at least 100°C.
+**Printing ABS on the RepRap Industrial**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed design  | Standard PEI print bed  | |
+| Print bed temperature  | 100-110°C\\ choose higher temperatures the bigger the parts are | |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 70°C   | |
+| Extruder temperature   | 255-265°C   | |
+| Speed settings  | As preset in the Slic3r profiles:\\ - Perimeter: 25mm/s\\ - Small perimeters: 10mm/s\\ - External perimeters: 25mm/s\\ - Infill/Solid infill/Top solid infill/Support material: 30mm/s\\ - Bridges: 7mm/s\\ - Gap fill: 300mm/s\\ - Support material interface: 100%\\ - Travel: 200mm/s\\ - First layer speed: 15mm/s  |  [[{|width: 8em}https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/RepRap-Industrial-Slic3r-profiles/releases|GitHub ]]  |
+| Idler lever preload   | 5.0-5.4mm  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1/service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
+<WRAP clear/>
+**Additional things to know**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Solvent  | Acetone\\ best efficiency when stirred;\\ small amounts of ABS will be dissolved without mechanical interference, larger amounts will soften and can be scraped off or cut away;\\ dissolve ABS remnants for blending ABS glue|  \\ \\ [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#cleaning-recommendation|Cleaning recommendation]]\\  [[{|width: 8em}#PC]]  |
+| Suitable soluble support material | HIPS will extrude at the same chamber/bed temperature settings and can be dissolved in d-limonene without altering the ABS properties  |  [[{|width: 8em}#High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)|HIPS]]\\ [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:knowledge-base#dual-extrusion|Dual extrusion]]  |
+| Warping  | strong, accurately leveled print bed is mandatory  |  [[{|width: 8em}#warping-prevention|Warping prevention]]  |
+| Stringing  | little to none | |
+| Scaling factor to compensate for thermal expansion | approx. 101%  |  [[{|width: 8em}#influence-of-thermal-expansion|Thermal expansion]]  |
+| Support requirements  | Needs support structures for overhangs of more than 45°.  | |
+| Layer binding  | strong  | |
+| Part strength/stability  | strong, tough, medium flexibility | |
+| Drying  | not required  | |
+| Storage  | in the open  | |
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) ====
+HIPS is polybutadiene rubber-modified polystyrene, a semi-crystalline thermoplastic. It has good impact resistance and dimensional stability and is in its natural (translucent white) state FDA compliant.\\
+HIPS is a low cost material that is easy to machine and fabricate, often used for low strength structural components and finds use in food processing applications, prototyping, toys, housings and covers. It is easy to fabricate, paint and glue.\\
+Since HIPS sticks well to ABS, is thermally tolerant and can be dissolved in a medium that does not affect ABS, it makes for a perfect soluble support material for complicated, interlacing ABS objects. Both materials can be printed together in dual extrusion and with new and upcoming Slic3r developments (keep up to date on  [[http://slic3r.org/]]), break-away support with all its disadvantages concerning surfaces will soon be a thing of the past.\\
+\\
+**Printing HIPS on the RepRap Industrial**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed design  | Standard PEI print bed  |
+| Print bed temperature  | 60-100°C ¹  |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 20-70°C  |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Extruder temperature   | 220-230°C  |
+| Speed settings  | use standard settings for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-abs|ABS settings]]  |
+| Idler lever preload   | 5.0mm  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1/service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
+¹<wrap lo>) When printing HIPS solely, the temperatures of print bed and build chamber can be lowered but HIPS withstands the higher temperatures needed for printing ABS which makes it an ideal soluble support material.</wrap>
+**Additional things to know**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Solvent  | d-limonene\\ best efficiency when stirred <WRAP caution>**USE RESPONSIBLY!**\\ //Limonene can cause skin irritations and is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Fumes are highly flammable.\\ Wear skin protection when handling the solvent. Do not empty into drains. Do not use near open flames or heat sources.\\ Observe the manufacturer's safety data sheet and make accessible to anyone handling Limonene!//</WRAP>  |  [[{|width: 8em}#post-treatment-of-soluble-hips-support|HIPS post-treatment]]  |
+| Warping  | medium, good subsurface contact required  |  [[{|width: 8em}#warping-prevention|Warping prevention]]  |
+| Stringing  | little to none | |
+| Support requirements  | needs support structures for overhangs of more than 45°  | |
+| Layer binding  | good to medium, depending on contact area  | |
+| Part strength/stability  | medium, hard surface, thin structures are brittle | |
+| Drying  | not required  | |
+| Storage  | in the open  | |
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Polyamid (PA, Nylon) =====
+Nylon used in 3D printing is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic of manifold technical uses. PA6 and PA6.6 have become famous in textile fabrication and gave "Nylon" its worldwide reputation. They are both still very important in textile industries.\\
+For 3D printing, PA6 and PA12 are most commonly used. They differ in their mechanical and chemical properties and applications.\\
+PA6 has good dampening and wear characteristics, is thermostable up to +70 °C and impact resistant down to -40 °C. In combination with its high tensile strength it is used for various applications, such as bearings, coatings, housings, guitar strings and surgery suture material, motor parts and others. Its main disadvantage is its strong water absorption (up to 2.6 %) which induces swell and loss of tensile strength.\\
+PA12 is the polyamid with the lowest water absorption (0.7 %) and therefore suitable for constructive parts in humid environment. It is not as strong and thermostable as PA6 (up to +50 °C) but chemically and impact resistant. PA12 is used as packing material in food and pharmaceutical applications, for cable insulation and gas and oil resistant hoses.\\
+All polyamids are warping strongly and require adaptation of the print settings.
+<WRAP clear/>
+=== PA12 ===
+**Printing PA12 on a RepRap Industrial**\\
+PA12 produces strong and stable prints.
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed  | Standard PEI print bed  | |
+| Print bed temperature  | 130°C for the first layer (only!), then reduce to 100°C for the following layers. |  [[{|width: 8em}http://manual.slic3r.org/simple-mode/simple-mode#filament-settings|Slic3r manual]]  |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 70°C  | |
+| Extruder temperature  | 285°C for the first layer (only!) then reduce to 270°C for the following layers. |  [[{|width: 8em}http://manual.slic3r.org/simple-mode/simple-mode#filament-settings|Slic3r manual]]  |
+| Speed settings  | Set first layer speed to 2mm/s; following layers can be extruded at standard ABS settings. |  [[{|width: 8em}http://manual.slic3r.org/simple-mode/simple-mode#filament-settings|Slic3r manual]]\\ [[{|width: 8em}#acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-abs|ABS settings]]  |
+| Infill  | 25% rectiliniear  |
+| Solid layers Top/Bottom  | 3  |
+| Perimeters  | 3  |
+| Brim  | 2-5mm  |
+| Support material contact Z-distance  | 0.15mm  |
+| Idler lever preload  | 3.2mm or less  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1/service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
+**Additional things to know**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Solvent  | Formic acid 85%\\ <WRAP warning>**DANGER OF CAUSTIC BURNS!**\\ // Formic acid can cause severe burns at skin and eye contact. Fumes cause irritations of the respiratory tract.\\ Wear adequate protective gloves and face/eye protection when handling formic acid.\\ Always observe the manufacturer's safety data sheet and make it accessible to all persons handling formic acid!//</WRAP>  | |
+| Warping  | strong  |  [[{|width: 8em}#warping-prevention|Warping prevention]]  |
+| Drying  | recommended; dry at 60°C for 2-4 hrs.  | |
+| Storage  | in closed lid container after drying, preferably with desiccant  | |
+<WRAP clear/>
+=== PA6 ===
+**Printing PA6 on a RepRap Industrial**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed design    | Tufnol with PVA glue  |
+| Print bed temperature  | 110°C    |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 70°C     |
+| Extruder temperature  | 260 to 280°C  |
+| Speed settings  | Set first layer speed to 2mm/s; following layers can be extruded at standard [[#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS]] settings. |
+<WRAP clear/>
+**Additional things to know**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Idler lever preload  | 3.2mm or less  |
+| Solvent  | Formic acid 85%\\ <WRAP warning>**DANGER OF CAUSTIC BURNS!**\\ // Formic acid can cause severe burns at skin and eye contact. Fumes cause irritations of the respiratory tract.\\ Wear adequate protective gloves and face/eye protection when handling formic acid.\\ Always observe the manufacturer's safety data sheet and make it accessible to all persons handling formic acid!//</WRAP>  |
+| Warping  | strong  |  [[{|width: 8em}#warping-prevention|Warping prevention]]  |
+| Drying  | urgent; dry at 60-80°C for 2-8 hrs.  |
+| Storage  | in closed lid container after drying, preferably with desiccant  |
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Polycarbonate (PC) =====
+PC is an amorphous thermoplastic of high strength, impact resistance, rigidity and hardness. Due to the micro-structure, PC is clear and colorless although colorized varieties are available.\\
+It finds its commercial use as a replacement for glass (airplane windows), in optical applications (lenses), for housings and, its most famous application, CDs, DVDs, Blue-Rays. It is most commonly used where other plastics are too damageable.\\
+PC has good insulation properties for electrical currents and is resistant against most mineral acids, oils and fats.\\
+Extruding PC requires high temperatures since it has a high melting temperature and is warping strongly. The print bed must be pretreated with ABS glue.\\
+D printed PC is strong and stiff. Support material generated from PC is hard to remove due to the excellent layer binding characteristics and object design should regard this.\\
+\\
+**Printing PC with the RepRap Industrial**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed  | |
+| Print bed temperature  | First layer: 130°C\\ Layers: 120°C    | |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 75°C   | |
+| Extruder temperature  | First layer 285°C\\ Layers: 275°C  | |
+| Speed settings  | Reduce first layer speed to 5mm/s\\ all other settings as standard presets for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS settings]]  |
+| Idler lever preload  | 3.5mm   |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
+<WRAP clear/>
+<wrap lo> *) Dissolve ABS remnants in Acetone until you get a thin, opaque liquid. Apply thinly by dappling the print bed with a soaked cloth.</wrap>
+<WRAP clear/>
+**Additional things to know**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Solvent  | Acetone\\ best results when stirred  | |
+| Warping  | strong, needs sound contact to the accurately leveled print bed  |  [[{|width: 8em}#warping-prevention|Warping prevention]]  |
+| Stringing  | medium  | |
+| Support requirements  | Needs support structures for overhangs at 45°. Due to the strong layers, support is hard to remove without breaking delicate structures.  | |
+| Layer binding  | very strong  | |
+| Part strength/stability  | tough, hard and brittle  | |
+| Drying  | urgent; dry at 80-90°C for 4-8 hrs.  | |
+| Storage  | with desiccant in sealed lid container after drying  | |
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Copolyester =====
+PET-Copolyester is a derivate of the thermoplastic PET. It is highly wear and abrasion resistant and chemically resistant to acidic solutions, chlorinated aqueous solutions (e.g. used to sanitize food processing equipment), fuels and fats.\\
+PET-Copolyester is, like PET, commonly used for packagings, bottles and sheets in the food and medical industries as well as for displays and covers.\\
+Printing PET-Copolyester with the RepRap Industrial is quite easy as the material is much less demanding than ABS and can be printed at lower temperatures. It best sticks to the print bed at a temperature of 60°C and requires no build chamber heating at all, although heating does not negatively influence the print (which may be necessary for dual extrusion of different materials).\\
+Warping is not an issue when printing PET-Copolyester. The printed surfaces are of high quality and the objects are dimensionally stable. Uncolored material stays transparent when 3D printed.\\ \\
+PET-Copolyester can be purchased as 3D printing filament under the brand name //XT-Coployester// directly from the manufacturer //ColorFabb// in a wide range of colors. It comes with multiple FDA certifications.
+**Printing PET-Copolyester with the RepRap Industrial**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed  | |
+| Print bed temperature  | 60-80°C    |    |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 20-50°C  |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Extruder temperature  | 260-270°C ¹ | |
+| Speed settings | use standard presets for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS settings]]  |
+| Idler lever preload  | 4.5mm  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
+¹ <wrap lo>The higher the temperature, the more translucent clear material is extruded.</wrap>\\
+\\
+**Additional things to know**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Solvent | Trichloroacetic acid  <WRAP warning>DANGER TO HEALTH!\\ //Trichloroacetic acid is highly caustic at skin contact and can cause respiratory tract irritation when inhaled. It is also very toxic to aquatic organisms.\\ Always wear skin and eye protection when handling the agent. Observe the manufacturer's safety data sheet and make accessible to anyone handling the solvent.\\ Do not empty into drains.// </WRAP>  | |
+| :::  | Saturated steam <WRAP warning>DANGER OF BURNING!\\ //Saturated steam has a temperature of at least +120 °C.\\ Skin contact can cause severe burning injuries. Make sure that saturated steam cannot escape during the heating process.//</WRAP>  | |
+| Warping  | strong, needs sound contact to the accurately leveled print bed  |  [[{|width: 8em}#warping-prevention|Warping prevention]]  |
+| Stringing  | strong, cobweb-like; increasing with the extrusion temperature | |
+| Support requirements  | Can be extruded without support for overhangs up to 60°. Due to the strong layers, support is hard to remove without breaking delicate structures.  | |
+| Layer binding  | strong  | |
+| Part strength/stability  | tough, hard and flexible; clear material is brittle  | |
+| Drying  | not required  | |
+| Storage  | in the open  | |
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) =====
+PVA is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that is used in papermaking, textiles, and a variety of coatings. As 3D printing filament, is has a yellowish clear appearance.\\
+PVA has excellent film forming, emulsifying and adhesive properties. It is also resistant to oil, grease and solvents. It has high tensile strength and flexibility, as well as high oxygen and aroma barrier properties. However these properties are dependent on humidity, in other words, with higher humidity more water is absorbed.\\
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+PVA easily absorbs air moisture which leads to an increase in diameter that may cause jamming of the nozzle and affects prints negatively by degassing.\\ Absorption of water reduces the tensile strength, but increases elongation and tear strength.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+<WRAP info>
+INFO
+//We recommend drying PVA for 2-3 hours at 60°C before printing the first time and store it in a sealed container with drying granulate.//
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+D printed PVA objects are stiff and brittle, the layer binding is excellent and the warpage minimal. PVA is a useful support material for [[reprap-industrial-v1:knowledge-base#PET-Copolyester|PETG]] since both materials can be extrude at equal temperature settings and stick viably together.
+**Printing PVA with the RepRap Industrial**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed  | |
+| Print bed temperature  | max. 60°C    | |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 30-40°C     |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Extruder temperature  | 205-215°C  | |
+| Speed settings  | use standard presets for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-abs|ABS settings]]  |
+| Idler lever preload  | 3.5mm   |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
+**Additional things to know**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Solvent  | Water\\ best solving properties when heated to 30 to 40°C and stirred.  | |
+| Drying  | required; dry at 60°C for 3-4 hrs.  | |
+| Storage  | in closed lid container after drying, preferably with desiccant  | |
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) =====
+TPEs are a group of elastomers suited to be printed with 3D printers. They come in different mixtures, according to the basic substances used. There are polyolefin blends (TPE-o commonly simply called TPE), polyurethan-based TPE-u (or TPU), styrenic block copolymers (TPE-s) and more. They all provide elastic properties and can be used for printing dampers, seals or plugs and a lot of other parts that need elasticity and flexibility.\\
+\\
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Printing TPEs cannot be done without some alterations of the RepRap Industrial's standard setup. First thing needed is an adapter (provided for download at [[https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/Tools-Accessories|Kühling&Kühling GitHub]]) to bridge the gap between the extruder drive gear and the hot-end inlet otherwise the flexible material will twist and bent. Also, the standard print bed will not suffice and some of the Slic3r settings must be adapted.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:knba_flexfilatrouble.png?400|Flexible filament bending and twisting without and extruding smoothly with the adapter installed.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:knba_installflexfilaadapater.png?400|Installing the adapter for flexible filaments.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+**Printing TPE with the RepRap Industrial**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed design    | TPE-o: Epoxy-resin based board (e.g. FR4)  | |
+|::: | TPE-u: standard PEI print bed  | |
+| Print bed temperature  | TPE-o: 105 °C  |
+|::: | TPE-u: 70 °C   | |
+| Build chamber temperature  | max. 40°C     |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Extruder temperature  | TPE-o: 230-240°C  | |
+|::: | TPE-u: 225-240°C  | |
+| Speed settings  | - massively reduce print speed:\\ max. 7 m/s for every print operation (all perimeters, infill, support etc.)\\ or\\ volumetric speed 1 mm³/s (available since Slic3r v1.2.8)\\ - reduced priming speed  |  [[{|width: 8em}#g-code-manipulation|Reducing the priming speed ]]  |
+| Idler lever preload  | 4.3mm   |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
+| Nozzle tip | 0.5 or above  | |
+**Additional things to know**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Solvent  | None\\ Elastomers do not stick to metal or other plastic surfaces easily and can simply be pulled off for most cleaning purposes.  | |
+| Warping  | low  | |
+| Drying  | not required  | |
+| Storage  | in the open  | |
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Polylactic Acid (PLA) =====
+PLA, a polyester derivate that is due to its molecular structure biodegradable in composting plants, is one of the most common 3D printing material since it is easy-to-use and very rewarding. It is mostly used in 3D printing for visualization of organic forms, such as architectural and landscape models, busts, and decoration. Industrial applications of PLA are found in farming (mulch foils), medical engineering (implants and fixation, seam material), food packaging (yogurt pots), and the textile industry; its UV-resistance, high flashpoint and colorfastness make it useful in a variety of other applications.\\
+The mechanical properties of PLA are near those of Polystyrene (PS) but with a lower glass transition and continuous operation temperature (45 - 65 °C), which makes it unusable for exposition to heat (e.g. coffee mugs).\\
+PLA is available from a lot of manufacturers in a variety of colors and different fillers (e.g. wood or bronze fill), which makes it easily available, relatively cheap and suitable for many visualization applications. Due to the high availability it is not part of the Kühling&Kühling product range.\\
+**Printing PLA with the RepRap Industrial**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed design    | standard PEI print bed, glass, [[http://www.buildtak.eu/shop/|BuildTak]] | |
+| Print bed temperature  | OFF-50°C  |  |
+| Build chamber temperature  | OFF°C  |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Extruder temperature  | 180-220°C *  | |
+| Speed settings  | reduce standard settings for ABS by 20% *\\ Perimeters: 20mm/s\\ Infill: 24mm/s  | |
+| Idler lever preload  | 4.0mm   |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
+| Nozzle tip | all  | |
+*<wrap lo> depending on color, filler; test to find best suitable settings for your application.\\ For example: [[http://colorfabb.com|colorFabb's]] famous //woodfill// is best extruded at 225 °C with 12 mm/s for perimeters and 24 mm/s for the infill.</wrap>
+**Additional things to know**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Solvent  | Tetrahydrofuran  <WRAP caution>**USE RESPONSIBLY!**\\ //Tetrahydrofuran can cause eye irritations and irritations of the respiratory system. Fumes are easily flammable.\\ Apply skin protection cream or wear protective gloves when handling the solvent. Do not empty into drains. Do not use near open flames or heat sources.\\ Observe the manufacturer's safety data sheet and make accessible to anyone handling tetrahydrofuran!//</WRAP>  | |
+| Layer binding  | good  | |
+| Part strength/stability  | medium; parts are stiff and brittle  | |
+| Warping  | low   ||
+| Drying  | not required  | |
+| Storage  | in the open  | |
+<WRAP clear/>
+===== High-temperature materials =====
+For extruding the materials described in the following temperatures above 300°C are required. For 3D printing them on a RepRap Industrial this means that the ([[sales@kuehlingkuehling.de|optional]]) high-temperature hot-end is required, which allows for extrusion temperatures of up to 400°C.
+  * [[##polyether-ether-ketone-peek|Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)]]
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ====
+PEEK is a semi-crystalline high performance thermoplast resembling Polyoxymethylene (POM) or PET but with better mechanical properties and temperature stability. Also, it features a high solidity, stiffness, chemical and radiation resistance, high flaming point and good sliding and wear properties.\\
+Due to its superior properties, the material is very expensive, which often makes it second choice behind POM or similar.\\
+PEEK is typically used for bearings, thrust washers, gear wheels, gaskets and pumps.\\
+**Printing PEEK on a RepRap Industrial**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Print bed design  | Standard PEI print bed  | |
+| Print bed temperature  | 130°C  | |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 70°C   |
+| Extruder temperature   | 370-395°C   |
+| Speed settings  | Reduced speeds; approx. 70% of the standard settings for ABS. | |
+| Idler lever preload   | 1mm  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
+<WRAP clear/>
+**Additional information**
+|<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
+^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
+| Warping  | low  | |
+| Stringing  | little to none | |
+| Drying  | not required  | |
+| Storage  | in the open  | |
+| Tempering  | can be useful for very stiff material that keeps uncoiling; heat at 200°C for 1-2 hrs.  |
+| FDA and EMA compliant | |
+<WRAP clear/>
+====== Tips & Tricks ======
+Here you will find information about issues concerning the operation of the RepRap Industrial in your specific work environment or solutions for questions that have been upraised by support requests.
+  * [[#commandline-access-to-the-linux-operating-system-via-ssh|Command line access]]
+  * [[#setting-a-static-ip-address-for-reprap-industrial-ethernet-connection|Setting a static IP address]]
+  * [[#use-a-custom-ntp-server-for-time-signals|Setting time signals]]
+  * [[#changing-shell-password-in-the-beaglebone-black-operating-system|Password change]]
+  * [[#print-bed-leveling|Leveling tips]]
+  * [[#deactivating-the-heating-elements-after-end-of-print-job|Switching heating elements off via the G-code]]
+  * [[#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Changing the build chamber temperature via the G-code]]
+  * [[#g-code-manipulation-at-the-gui|G-code commands for direct use at the 3D-printer]]
+==== Commandline Access to the linux operating system via SSH ====
+Use SSH on your computer connected to the same LAN as your 3D printer to log in to the RepRap Industrials' built-in BeagleBone Black. You can use the hostname from the printers' [[reprap-industrial-v1:manual#Setup|Backend-URL]] and log in with the following access data:
+  User: kiosk
+  Password: eight-digit combination from the serial number at the back of the device. Take the first two four-digit blocks - XX-AAAA-BBBB-CCCC-YYYY becomes an "AAAABBBB" password.
+==== Setting a static IP address for RepRap Industrial ethernet connection ====
+First, [[#commandline-access-to-the-linux-operating-system-via-ssh|establish a commandline connection]] to the printer.
+From within the terminal session, edit the network configuration via the command line editor "nano"
+  sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
+  (use the same password as for the SSH connection)
+The current DHCP setup looks like:
+  # The primary network interface
+  auto eth0
+  iface eth0 inet dhcp
+   pre-up iptables-restore </etc/iptables.rules
+Change the setup according to your needs.
+Example:
+    # The primary network interface
+    auto eth0
+    iface eth0 inet static
+    address 192.168.1.20
+    netmask 255.255.255.0
+    broadcast 192.168.1.255
+    gateway 192.168.1.1
+    dns-search family.local
+    dns-nameservers 192.168.1.1
+      pre-up iptables-restore </etc/iptables.rules
+The rest of the file remains unchanged. Save the file using CTRL+X and confirm the overwrite query with "Y".
+Disconnect and finish by typing
+  exit
+[[software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#switching-off-the-3d-printer|Shut down]] and [[software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#waking-from-standby|reboot]] the RepRap Industrial to establish the alterations.
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Use a custom NTP server for time signals ====
+First, [[#commandline-access-to-the-linux-operating-system-via-ssh|establish a commandline connection]] to the printer.
+From within the terminal session, stop the NTP daemon background process
+  sudo service ntp stop
+  (use the same password as for the SSH connection)
+Edit the NTP daemon configuration via the command line editor "nano"
+  sudo nano /etc/ntp.conf
+Search for the few lines beginning with <code>server ...</code> and add an additional new line **before** these **with the address to your local NTP server** like this
+  server 192.168.1.123
+add another additional statement anywhere in this file
+  # ignore panic threshold for huge time differences
+  tinker panic 0
+The rest of the file remains unchanged. Save the file using CTRL+X and confirm the overwrite query with "Y".
+Re-enable NTP client service for background operation
+  sudo service ntp start
+Disconnect and finish by typing
+  exit
+[[software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#switching-off-the-3d-printer|Shut down]] and [[software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#waking-from-standby|reboot]] the RepRap Industrial to establish the alterations.
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Changing Shell Password in the BeagleBone Black Operating System ====
+After manually creating a new Micro-SD Card from a pre-packaged upgrade release provided by //Kühling&Kühling//, the user account running the RepRapOnRails software in the Linux operating system will be in default configuration. To change the password, use SSH on your computer connected to the same LAN as your 3D printer to log in to the BeagleBone Black. You can use the hostname in the printers' [[reprap-industrial-v1:manual#Setup|Backend-URL]] as its address and log in with the following access data:
+  User: kiosk
+  Password: kiosk
+Now you can set a new password by entering
+  passwd
+and following the instructions. In delivery condition the unique password is an eight-digit combination from the serial number at the back of the device. Take the first two four-digit blocks (example: XX-AAAA-BBBB-CCCC-YYYY becomes an "AAAABBBB" password).
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Print bed leveling ====
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Accurate leveling is vitally important for the print result. Although correct first layer settings can compensate for slight unevennesses of the print bed, false leveling will ruin a print within the first few layers. \\
+Evidence for a leveling mistake can be:
+^  No.  ^  Appearance  ^  Reason  ^
+|  1  | Asymmetrical layer thickness, especially of the first layer.   | lopsided leveling\\ Appearance 2 and 3 are visible simultaneously |
+|  2  | Smearing of the extrusion and possibly clogging of the nozzle.  | Print bed and the nozzle are too close together. |
+|  3  | The extruded strand is laid on the print bed instead of being spread.  | Print bed and the nozzle are too far apart.\\ (can be due to a wrong bed temperature also – better double-check) |
+|::: | Strands do not stick to the print bed but are being pulled away by the nozzle tip.  |:::  |
+|  4  | Extrusion of rounded, unjoined strands. | Print bed and the nozzle are too far apart. |
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:lopsidedleveling.png?400|Leveling mistakes: examples of characteristic appearances of the first layer.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+To avoid such irritations, make use of the following tips:
+  * Always make sure that the build chamber is adequately and uniformly preheated to at least 90 % of the target temperature (e.g. 63 °C for ABS).\\ The Z-end stop is temperature sensitive and may cause deviating positioning when exposed to temperature variations.\\ Keep the build chamber doors as shortly open as possible during leveling to avoid too much heat loss.
+  * If you removed the print bed, always re-insert it in the same direction and orientation it had during leveling.
+  * Put the print bed with the convex side down onto the print table.
+  * After adjusting all three leveling points, return the print head to the first position (tap the **[Back]** button). Check the bed - tip distance by tapping (**not** pressing) the print bed with a finger next to the nozzle tip: if you see a gap appearing at the slightest touch, the leveling point is correctly adjusted. If even the least pressure is required, the leveling is too high. Repeat this at the other two leveling points. Have a look at the adjacent videos for visual explanation.
+  * Before waisting time on unsuccessful leveling, please rethink if the currently installed nozzle tip is adequate for the print job. Wider nozzles are more tolerant when it comes to compensating leveling mistakes and may be more suited to the task, especially when printing larger parts.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+{{:reprap-industrial-v1:leveling_ok.mp4?400|Leveling test is OK}}
+{{:reprap-industrial-v1:leveling_nok.mp4?400|Leveling test is not OK}}
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+=== Tips for easier leveling ===
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+If you find it difficult to adjust the three leveling points uniformly with only the spring pressure, place a sheet of paper (not more than standard 80 g/m²) between the nozzle tip and the print bed and carefully push the bed against the tip before fastening the set screws. This way, you ensure a uniform bed - tip distance at all three leveling points.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:levelingpaperspacer.png?400|Manual leveling with paper spacer - front and hind right leveling point.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Another way of making leveling a little bit less important is "floating" your print on a raft. Slic3r (and most other slicing software) provides the "raft" function, a special kind of support material, which means that before starting with the actual object a (customizable) number of loosely printed layers is printed to compensate slight leveling mistakes. If you choose the raft settings correctly, beginning with a layer as wide and thick as allowable (depending on the nozzle tip's diameter) leveling will become a much less annoying process.\\ The raft's first layer is treated as the print's first layer and uses the respective settings. The following layers of the raft are calculated according to the support material settings. Choose the maximal first layer height (//Slic3r -> Print Settings -> Layers and perimeters/First layer height//) and a first layer extrusion width of 250 % (//Slic3r -> Print Settings -> Advanced/Extrusion width -First layer//) for a compensating, condoning and stable raft.
+\\
+The raft can either be built of the model's material and cut away later or, if available for the specific plastic, of support material and broken off or dissolved. Check with the [[knowledge-base#materials|Materials']] section to see if a secondary support material is available. For break-away or soluble rafts the dual extrusion function of the RepRap Industrial is required. Remember to check that all necessary calibrations and settings have been made as described [[#basic-dual-extruder-settings|above]].
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_adding_raft_layers.png?400|Adding a freely choosen number of raft layers to the print.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Deactivating the heating elements after end of print job ====
+Sometimes you may want to start a print job just before finishing time or the weekend. Since there is currently no automatic shutdown function, the 3D printer will then stay on all night respectively some days. With the following description you can alter the End G-code of your print so that the heating elements are shut off after the print job has been finished so that the power consumption is reduced significantly. A side effect is, that due to the fact that the build chamber needs some hours to channel off the heat the cooling process is slowed and thereby internal tensions of the printed object are reduced.
+To deactivate the heating elements after a print job:
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+  - Start your slicing software.
+  - Open the [Printer Settings] tab.
+  - Choose the "Custom G-code" menu.
+  - In the //End G-Code// editor scroll down to the end of the text field and position the cursor in the last line above the ''; /END-GCODE'' entry.
+  - Enter the command\\ ''M104 S0 T2''\\ This will set the heating elements of the build chamber to a temperature of 0 °C.
+  - Enter the command\\ ''M140 S0''\\ This will deactivate the print bed as the last action of the current G-code.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r_modify_endgcode_autooff.png?400|Switching off the build chamber heating elements by modifying the Slic3r custom End G-code.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+==== Adjusting the build chamber temperature ====
+<WRAP note>
+NOTICE
+//The build chamber temperature is preset to the maximal permissible temperature of +70 °C at delivery.\\ Exceeding +70 °C will damage interior components of the RepRap Industrial such as stepper motors, bearings and electronics.//
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Since hitherto the RepRap Industrial is the only commercially available Open Source 3D printer with an actively heated build chamber, common slicing software does not feature ambient temperature settings. For some materials, it is advantageous to modify the chamber temperature together with the other temperature settings.
+The build chamber's temperature of the RepRap Industrial is set via the "Start G-code" which can be manually altered.
+To change the build chamber temperature (in the following example we use our standard //Slic3r// - other
+software may differ in denotations):
+  - Open your slicing software.
+  - Open the tab [Printer Settings].
+  - Choose the //Start G-code// editor in the "Custom G-code" menu.
+  -- Scroll down to\\ ''; PREHEAT BED AND CHAMBER''\\ and position the cursor in the line reading:\\ <code> M104 S70 T2; set recirculating air heater to 70 degree celcius target temperature</code>
+  - Change the entry "S//xy//" (here //S70//) by replacing the value //xy// with the desired temperature, for example //50° C//:\\ <code>M104 S50 T2; set recirculating air heater to 50 degree celcius target temperature</code> (for logical reasons, the comment should be aligned).
+  - If you want to keep the settings, save them in a new profile (see [[http://manual.slic3r.org/|Slic3r manual]]).
+Any G-code exported with this profile loaded will heat the build chamber to the stated temperature prior to printing.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r_modify_startendgcode.png?400|Changing the build chamber temperature by modifying the Slic3r custom Start G-code.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== G-code manipulation at the GUI ====
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+The following list contains supported G-code commands that can be used on demand to directly interfere with a print procedure or setting via the G-code keyboard of the GUI's **Log** menu.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_gui-loggcodekeys.png?400|The G-code keyboard in the Log menu provides all keys to enter G-code commands.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+^ Command ^ Effect ^  Example  ^
+|''G1'' | Coordinated Movement X Y Z E |  G1 X130 Y85 Z1.75 E4.35  |
+|''G4 S<seconds>'' | Wait for given duration in seconds  |  G4 S5 (waits 5 seconds)  |
+|''G28'' | Home all axes | |
+|''G90'' | Use absolute coordinates | |
+|''G91'' | Use relative coordinates | |
+|''M80'' | Activate build chamber | |
+|''M82'' | Set E codes absolute (default) | |
+|''M83'' | Set E codes relative while in Absolute Coordinates (G90) mode | |
+|''M104 S<temp> T<extruder>'' | Set temperature without wait |  [[#Adjusting the build chamber temperature|Adjusting the build chamber temperature]],\\ [[#Deactivating the heating elements after end of print job|Deactivating the heating elements after end of print job]]  |
+|''M109 S<temp> T<extruder>'' | Set temperature with wait | |
+|''M140 S<temp>'' | Set bed target temp without wait | |
+|''M190 S<temp>'' | Set bed target temp with wait | |
+|''M221 S<extrusion flow multiplier in percent>'' | Increase/decrease given flow rate |  M221 S95\\ -> decrease flow to 95 % of g-code value  |
+|''M220 S<print speed multiplier in percent>''  | Increase/decrease print speed of all drive speeds  |  M220 S95\\ -> decrease print speed to 95 % of g-code value  |

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