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--- reprap-industrial-v1:knowledge-base [2015/10/30 10:50]
Markus Bürgener [Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)] Speed settings added
+++ reprap-industrial-v1:knowledge-base [2017/01/18 09:51] (current)
Simon Kühling old revision restored (2016/01/25 13:57)
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-One of the RepRap Industrial 3D printer's core features is its dual extrusion functionality. Producing visually appealing bicolored or bimaterial parts, making functional parts out of a two-material combination or highly accurate complex geometries with fully attached soluble support structures become possible with the two hot-ends extruder head. And not only is the 3D printer equipped with the necessary hardware but also provides well-engineered software tools to ensure precise alignment of the hot-ends via the common easy-to-use wizards.\\
+One of the RepRap Industrial 3D-printer's core features is its dual extrusion functionality. Producing visually appealing bicolored or bimaterial parts, making functional parts out of a two-material combination or highly accurate complex geometries with fully attached soluble support structures become possible with the two hot-ends extruder head. And not only is the 3D printer equipped with the necessary hardware but also provides well-engineered software tools to ensure precise alignment of the hot-ends via the common easy-to-use wizards.\\
-Only load the desired combination of materials and perform the required calibrations, then prepare and upload your G-code and you are ready for dual extrusion. All necessary settings that are required for successfully printing with both hot ends are described in the following.
+Only load the desired combination of materials and perform the required calibrations, then prepare and upload your G-code and you are ready for dual extrusion. All necessary settings that are required for successfully printing with both hot ends are described in the following.\\
+  * [[#basic-dual-extruder-settings|Basic settings]]
+  * [[#printing-with-soluble-support-material|Soluble support]]
+  * [[#post-treatment-of-soluble-hips-support|Post-treatment of soluble HIPS support]]
+  * [[#bicolored-printing|Bicolored printing]]
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+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Basic dual extruder settings ====
 The steps and settings described in the following paragraphs are valid for all multi-material print jobs. Specific information on [[#printing-with-soluble-support-material|printing with soluble support material]] or [[#bicolored-printing|bicolored]] are described in the respective chapters below.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 === 3D printer preparation ===
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   - For dual extruder prints it is vitally important that both hot ends are precisely leveled to the same height. If not yet done, run the [Print Bed Leveling] wizard and follow the on-screen instructions.
   - The offset of the hot ends must also be calibrated to ensure accurate relative positioning. Run the [Calibrate Extruder Offset] wizard in the //Setup// menu of the GUI. Read and enter the values for X and Y offset and [Save] them.
-  - Do not forget to check the [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#calibrating-the-extrusion|extrusion multiplier]] for the installed materials and respectively to run the [Calibrate Extrusion] wizard for each hot end if required.
+  - Do not forget to check the [[#calibrating-the-extrusion|extrusion multiplier]] for the installed materials and respectively to run the [Calibrate Extrusion] wizard for each hot end if required.
 The 3D printer hardware is now ready for dual extrusion.
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+<WRAP clear/>
 === Wiper check ===
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   * Place the model in a bath of [[http://kuehlingkuehling.de/product-category/consumables/|Kühling&Kühling wash-out solution]] (97% d-limonene - order directly via [[sales@kuehlingkuehling.de]]) so that it is fully submerged. The bath is best stirred, either with a magnetic stirrer or by other means to provide its full solving capacity and to reduce bathing time.
   * When all remaining HIPS has been dissolved (check occasionally) remove the model from the bath, briefly dry it with a paper towel, and leave it in a warm and bright place (e.g. windowsill) to dry completely.
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Bicolored printing ====
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
 [{{:reprap-industrial-v1:cat_split.png?400|3D model preparation for bicolored printing example 1: a model  (http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:62536) split in two for bicolored printing. Both must be aligned with the same relative position and exported as separate STLs.}}]
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 [{{:reprap-industrial-v1:cat_merged.png?400|The two parts correctly positioned and ready for export.}}]
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-===== Materials =====
+<WRAP clear/>
-All information given in the following have been thoroughly tested on the RepRap Industrial and are valid for this 3D printer only.\\
-We guarantee that the stated settings are applicable for the materials provided directly by Kühling&Kühling or manufacturers explicitly named here. Other suppliers are available but since 3D printing filaments are far from being subject to manufacturing standards, Kühling&Kühling cannot be held liable for problems arising from filament obtained from non-specified sources.\\
+===== Print preparations =====
-Nonetheless we will provide assistance and support for any question concerning the handling/printing of materials. Please also refer to the [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#filament-quality-check|filament quality check procedure]] and the respective sections of the [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide|service guide]] as well as the [[reprap-industrial-v1:troubleshooting|troubleshooting guide]] if you experience any trouble with your printing material. We are trying to provide information about and remedies for all known problems and are thankful for any hint on new methods, materials and solutions.
+The term //print preparation// summarizes information about:
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+  * Determining material properties
+    * [[#setting-the-extrusion-temperature|Material specific extrusion temperature]]
+    * [[#calibrating-the-extrusion|Finding the extrusion multiplier]]
+    * [[#filament-quality-check|Filament quality]]
+  * 3D-suitable construction and slicing
+    * [[#handling-3d-files|Handling 3D-files]]
+    * [[#layers-and-quality|Layers and quality]]
+    * [[#dimensional-accuracy|Dimensional accuracy]]
+and the like, which may be useful or required prior to printing.
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Setting the extrusion temperature ====
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 INFO
-//Observe that the temperature shown in the footer of the GUI is measured at the hot end heater and may be 5 - 10 °C lower at the nozzle tip. Try increasing the temperature if you are discontented by the printing results.  \\ \\ When extruding new materials do not forget to print a [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#calibrating-the-extrusion|calibration cube]] to find the correct extrusion multiplier.\\ \\ When no filament profile is active for the extruder, the starting temperature is set as 180 °C.//
+//Observe that the temperature shown in the footer of the GUI is measured at the hot end heater and may be 5 - 10 °C lower at the nozzle tip. Try increasing the temperature if you are discontented by the printing results.  \\ \\ When extruding new materials do not forget to print a [[#calibrating-the-extrusion|calibration cube]] to find the correct extrusion multiplier.\\ \\ When no filament profile is active for the extruder, the starting temperature is set as 180 °C.//
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 \\
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 But as much as correct temperature settings the G-code (i.e. the Slic3r settings) influences the print process and the final result. Make sure to use the software and hardware settings suitable for the print job. There is no need to print with an 0.25 mm nozzle tip at low speed when printing large, straight-edged objects.\\
 We ourself are constantly testing new procedures, new materials and new geometries and anything we find out will be shared in the documentation.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+==== Handling 3D files ====
+Any information we gather related to improving or easing the slicing process is listed in the following paragraphs.
+=== Profile display problems in Slic3r for Windows ===
+----
+**This bug will be fixed with the upcoming release of SLic3r v1.2.x.**
+----
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+It is a known problem that in Slic3r for Windows the drop-down lists for the profile selection are too narrow to display the full profile name. This can make it impossible to choose the correct profile when processing your slicing settings for creating a G-code.\\
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r120_narrowmenus.png?400|Narrow menus make it impossible to read the profile names in Slic3r v1.2.0 for Windows}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Try the following to bypass the problem:\\
+  * Select a profile from the drop-down list and click the <save> symbol.\\ This way, you make the profile name visible and editable.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r120_narrowmenus_1.png?400|}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+  * Delete the current profile name and replace it with a short description, e.g. "LEFT ONLY" instead of "Kuehling&Kuehling RepRap Industrial - LEFT EXTRUDER ONLY".
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r120_narrowmenus_3.png?400|}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+  * The shorter description will be fully visible in the list.
+Repeat these steps for all long profile names.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r120_narrowmenus_4.png?400|}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+=== Easy evaluation of STL-files ===
+Especially when using files downloaded from open internet sources it may be that these files are not suitable for printing due to export or modeling mistakes. Misaligned edges (non-manifolds) and holes can render a 3D-model unprintable and make troubleshooting on the 3D-printer an infinite displeasure because no obvious reason can be detected.
+One quick and simple way to eliminate this as an error source is checking the suitability of your STL-file for 3D-printing. All you need is a program capable of analyzing the STL-file's mesh.\\
+Slic3r itself can deal with minor troubles and the [[http://www.netfabb.com/|netfabb company]] offers a [[http://www.netfabb.com/downloadcenter.php?basic=1|free basic version]] of their //netfabb studio//, an STL-handling tool with repair functions. Other tools may be as helpful but these two are used to explain how to recognize a corrupted file.
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+__Slic3r part info:__\\ (see [[http://manual.slic3r.org/advanced/repairing-models|Slic3r manual]] also)\\
+After opening a file in Slic3r, the info box in the bottom-right corner of the plater shows information on the model status. For a single, suitable part the info must look like:\\
+''Factes: xxxxx (1 shells)''\\
+''Manifold: Yes''\\
+If it displays ''Manifold: Auto-repaired (xxxx errors)'' the file contains degenerations.\\ It is most likely that it also shows an increased number of shells (e.g. ''Facets: xxxxx (6 shells)'' because the part has been split.\\ Also check the 3D-preview for visible defects. In this case it is better to repair or reconstruct the model.\\ Regard that the auto-repair function of Sic3r is only suited for repairing minor defects.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_brokenpart-analysis.png?400|Slic3r info box for a flawless (above) and a corrupted (below) part.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+__Evaluation and repair with netfabb basic:__\\ (see [[http://www.netfabb.com/manuals_download.php|netfabb basic manual]] also)\\
+If you open a (supposedly broken) STL in netfabb, the program will display a red warning sign in the bottom-right corner when the part is indeed faulty.\\ To see mismatches, run the part repair function by clicking on the red cross sign in the toolbar or via the //Extras// menu. The part is analyzed and all mesh information are displayed, including holes, invalid orientation etc. You can try using the auto-repair function or manually repair defects (very limited in the basic edition) to correct the part prior to newly exporting it as STL.\\
+\\
+If simple repair does not lead to satisfactorily results, redesigning or renouncing this specific part and choosing another one may be the best choices.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:netfab_brokenpart-analysis.png?400|Alert of mismatches in an STL and the preview of misaligned edges and holes in netfabb basic's part repair. }}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+=== Overhang - adjusting the layer thickness ===
+If you want to print filigree objects with overhanging structures without adding supports, try reducing the layer thickness for this print by 15 - 20%. This will result in a finer Z-axis resolution and increased overlay of subsequent layers so that more stability is gained over the height of the target object.
+=== Modifying infill and perimeters ===
+There are currently two Slic3r profiles available at our [[https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/RepRap-Industrial-Slic3r-profiles|GitHub repository]] that provide preset ready-to-print slicing settings. Her are some tips for handling these profiles to adjust them to your needs.\\
+The //SOLID// profile normally needs no modification since it comes with stable, reliable settings for printing solid objects with 100 % infill.\\
+The //ECO// profile supplies settings for objects with loosened infill. This makes objects lighter and reduces the print time and the material consumption. To achieve good results, the settings may have to be adjusted.\\
+We recommend to set the following always for printing ECO objects:
+  * A hull thickness of 1.0 to 1.5 mm. As a rule of thumb divide the hull thickness by the nozzle tip diameter and set the amount of perimeters equal to the result. Such, a closed, smooth and stable hull is ensured.
+  * Honeycomb infill as it provides highest stability at optimal density.
+  * A minimum infill of 15 %.
+  * A maximum infill of 30 %. Increasing the infill further does not have a significant advantage compared to a solid body but strongly increases the printing time.
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Layers and quality ====
+If it comes to high-quality printing, there is no way to avoid grappling with the "layers" topic. The layer settings influence the quality of a print in the same way as extrusion temperature and movement speed do. In fact, all of these settings interact and influence one another, but you may have recognized that in every slicing software there are a lot of layer-specific settings waiting for adjustment.\\
+The following paragraphs are meant to give you an overview on the topic and further to provide you with detailed information about necessary basic and useful advanced settings to stepwise increase your prints with the RepRap Industrial.\\
+As previously mentioned elsewhere in this manual, we are focused on printing ABS at high quality so the following mostly refers to settings with this material; if otherwise, it will be specially emphasized.\\
+When talking about software settings we always refer to the Slic3r software of Alessandro Ranellucci and his team ([[http://slic3r.org/]]).\\
+Everything else only refers to printing with the RepRap Industrial, since this is the basis of our experience. Most things may also be valid for other appliances and different slicing software since it is basic knowledge about FFF manufacturing which can be found elsewhere in books and on the internet. We want to enable the user of a RepRap Industrial to achieve the best possible results with his machine and to provide the necessary knowledge from a single source.
+<WRAP clear/>
+=== Warping prevention ===
+One of the most important factors deciding whether a print finishes at all and if it does defining the final quality is the adhesion of the first layer to the print bed. The first layer channels off heat tensions from the printed object into the print bed.\\ ABS, Polycarbonate and Nylon for example are very prone to warping, so only firm adherence to the subsurface can effectively prevent bending and warping. With a first layer not sticking to the subsurface all-over, tensions will manifest all through the model - the object will detach itself from the print bed and the print is wasted. High temperature effected tensions manifest ever stronger with increasing height of the printed model. Long, straight perimeters enhance this effect further.\\
+Three factors determine the adhesion:
+  - A correctly leveled print bed (explained under [[#print-bed-leveling|Tips & Tricks]]),
+  - the material of the print bed and
+  - the temperature of the print bed.
+The material of the print bed must match the chosen filament. The standardized PEI print beds delivered with the RepRap Industrial perfectly match the requirements for printing [[knowledge-base#acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-abs|ABS]] and [[knowledge-base#high-impact-polystyrene-hips|HIPS]], the most common printing materials for this 3D printer. Other materials such as [[knowledge-base#polyethylene-terephthalate-pet-copolyester|PET Copolyester]] and [[knowledge-base#thermoplastic-elastomer-tpe|TPE-u]] also stick to the PEI surface unproblematically.\\ If a special treatment of the print bed (e.g. PVA glue for printing [[knowledge-base#polyvinyl-alcohol-pva|PVA]]) or another material (e.g. plywood for printing [[knowledge-base#polyamid-pa-nylon|PA 12]]) are required, this is specially stated in the list of [[knowledge-base#materials|Materials]].\\
+\\
+The most necessary print setting apart from the material is the correct print bed temperature to ensure that the filament sticks to its subsurface throughout the printing process. Some materials, like ABS or PC, need high temperatures to stick, whereas for others, such as Nylon or PVA, heat is counter-productive and a cold bed is needed.\\
+The required print bed temperature for any material tested on the RepRap Industrial 3D printer can also be found in the [[knowledge-base#materials|Materials']] descriptions.
+Other Slic3r settings that help minimizing warping are described in the [[#first-layer|Tips & Tricks]] rubric.
+<WRAP clear/>
+=== The first layer ===
+One thing that always stands out when preparing a print job with the slicing software are the **first layer** settings. While everything thereafter is only "layers", the first layer is especially important for the result of any print job.\\
+This is because of the requirements imposed on the first layer:
+  * Compensation of unevennesses of the subsurface to found an even foundation for the following layers. Slight leveling mistakes, scratches and bends can provide quite an uneven underground; in the slicing profiles provided at our [[https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/RepRap-Industrial-Slic3r-profiles|GitHub repository]] the first layer is preset to be thicker and wider (see [[#First layer settings|below]]) than the following layers. The increased throughput during printing the first layer fills in waviness of the subsurfaces and thus provides an even underground for the following layers.
+  * Sticking to the print bed during the entire print job so that heat tensions are channeled off and warping is minimized. The adherence to the print bed is above all responsible for the minimization or manifestation of warpage. Correct first layer settings become the more important the larger the printed object is and the more long, strung-out edges it contains.
+  * Loosing the adhesion after completion of the print job. After finishing a print job, the model must be detached from the print bed without breaking apart so the first layer must not merge permanently with the print bed but reversible (e.g. due to cooling). This is the only feature that cannot be influenced via the slicing settings and is totally dependent on the material match of printed plastic and print bed.
+It has been a challenge to find materials matching the properties of ABS and the above named special features. After a lot of testing, we found that our PEI print bed meets all requirements concerning rigidity, stiffness, flatness, and thermal stability. In combination with the heating of the build chamber we experience no trouble printing straight, non-deforming objects and have had no problems so far removing our models from the print bed.\\
+If you are sure to have leveled your print bed correctly and all temperatures are set right and still you experience delamination and warpage, have a look at your first layer settings; there might be something to be improved here.
+=== Mechanical features for a high-quality first layer ===
+Since the first layer is a well known problem of 3D printing and distinguishes the over-all quality of a 3D Printer, Kühling&Kühling focused on providing a strong mechanical basis from the beginning on.\\
+To make sure that constructive negligence never may ruin a print, intense attention was given to the rigidity of the print table, the choice of an adequate print bed and an easy-to-use and reliable design of the leveling mechanism.\\
+The print table is designed to be stiff and rigid with a precisely manufactured aluminum plate as subsurface for the print bed. The crossbeams have been kept as short as possible to eliminate leverage and the carriage is mounted on high-precision shafts and guided by minimal friction linear slide bearings. The drive spindle allows for extremely precise positioning of the print table in Z-direction with neglectable gravity-compensated backlash.\\
+With the newly designed silicone heating pad of hardware revision 1.1.0, the heat distribution has been improved to be still more even to ensure an over-all heating of the print bed.\\
+The print bed itself is a particularly chosen and tested PEI-glassfibre plate that provides especially good properties for printing ABS. It perfectly spreads the heat provided by the silicone heating pad and, though not thicker than 2 mm, is rigid enough to withstand warping forces as well as sufficiently flexible to remove finished print objects by bending and flexing.\\
+But no constructive measures will suffice if the print bed is askew, so precise leveling is mandatory. To keep the leveling process as time saving as possible, the print table is mounted on a three-point spring support with set screws to fixate it in the correct position. This guarantees the necessary uniform distance of nozzle tip and print surface all over the print bed. The respective leveling instructions are implemented on the touchscreen user interface as a step-by-step wizard that is simple to follow and quick to perform.
+=== First layer settings ===
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+As mentioned above, the following recommendations are valid for printing ABS on the RepRap Industrial. We have taken all this into respect when creating our slicing profiles and you do not need to try and find matching settings for the first prints. After growing accustomed to 3D printing and the apparatus' specific features you can start optimizing. Also, if you want to print other materials than ABS, the basic settings named here apply and can be used to modify your results.\\
+The first layer should be thicker and wider than the following layers. In case of the RepRap Industrial we recommend the following (and have already taken it into respect in our slicing profiles):
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+<WRAP info>
+INFO
+//The following applies to the nozzle tip size 0.35 mm and the preset Slic3r profiles you installed during initial commissioning. It is meant to give you an overview of the settings relevant for the optimization of the first layer adhesion. Please experiment to find the settings best suited for your task and test all settings before applying them to your final model if you use other nozzle sizes.\\ When using the 0.5 or the 0.75 mm nozzle tip, there is no further improvement when setting the layer height equal to the nozzle tip diameter. A value of ''0.4 mm'' will suffice for these nozzle tips.//
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+  * The first layer height should be adequate to the nozzle tip's diameter.\\ For example:\\ Printing with a nozzle tip size 0.35 means setting the first layer height to ''0.35 mm''
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{slic3r_firstlayersettings.png?400|Slic3r Print Settings - setting the first layer height}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+  * The extrusion width should be set to ''150 %'' of the first layer height.\\ For example:\\ Printing with a nozzle tip size 0.35 and thus 0.35 mm first layer height, setting the first layer  extrusion width to ''150 %'' means an extrusion width of 0.53 mm. This ensures that enough filament is extruded to compensate for slight unevenness of the subsurface and still enough adhesion.\\ In Slic3r you can preset and save this setting as a percentage so that the first layer's extrusion width is independent of the actual nozzle tip size.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{slic3r_advancedsettings.png?400|Slic3r Advanced Settings - reducing the first layer extrusion width}}]
+<WRAP info>
+INFO
+//Both above mentioned measures compensate for unevennesses of the print bed and increase the tolerance against slight leveling mistakes. The distance between nozzle tip and print bed will assure that the bore is not clogged when passing convex bumps by leaving enough free space in between. The extrusion width will make sure that enough material is conveyed to equalize concave crudities.//
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+  * The first layer speed should be reduced because the print bed does not fuse easily with the material. Slower movement ensures a more even temperature distribution between underground and material and thereby a better binding between them as well as longer cooling time which aids relaxation of tensions.\\ For ABS, a first layer speed of ''15 mm/s'' is a functional value. For other materials, settings from ''10 to 30 mm/s'' are recommended (always choose slower values for nozzle tips ≤0.35 mm).
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{slic3r_firstlayerspeed.png?400|Slic3r Print Settings - setting the first layer extrusion speed}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+  * [[knowledge-base#setting-the-extrusion-temperature|Changing the extrusion temperature]] and the print bed temperature can also improve the first layer adherence. Changing the temperature a few degrees may allow for the filament to melt a little more inviscid and to lay more evenly onto the print bed.\\ Increasing the print bed temperature can have a similar effect as reducing the extrusion speed: a better temperature distribution and increased cooling time.\\ For printing ABS we find no difference in quality using varying temperatures so the settings are the same for the first and the following layers but this feature may help printing other plastics.\\
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{slic3r_firstlayertemp.png?400|Slic3r Filament Settings - setting the first layer extrusion temperature}}]
+<WRAP info>
+INFO
+//Optimize the extrusion and print bed temperature for the [[knowledge-base#materials|Material]] currently installed.\\ Do not hesitate to try different settings here, since even colored additives may alter the optimal extrusion temperature.//
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+  * For filigree or thin-walled objects add a 3 to 6 mm brim and/or 3 to 8 raft layers to increase the effective adhering area (see [[http://manual.slic3r.org/|Slic3r manual]] also).
+  * Adding a raft may also compensate leveling mistakes as described [[#tips-for-easier-leveling|here]].
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{slic3r_brim.png?400|Slic3r Print Settings - adding a brim}}]
+[{{slic3r_raft.png?400|Slic3r Print Settings - adding raft layers}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+These are the settings for the first layer. Try and experiment with them to improve your results or to print new materials. We shall do the same and publish all relevant findings.
+=== Adhesion faults ===
+The fault easiest to diagnose and remedy is the presence of abhesives on the print bed. Recently removed an object from the print bed? Maybe touched the surface? Fingerprints are very effective separating agents that will with certainty prevent sticking of the filament. Any oil, fat, grease or the like will have this effect, so make sure you always [[service-guide#Cleaning recommendation|clean]] the print bed with a suitable solvent before starting a new print.\\
+In most cases, [[#print-bed-leveling|false leveling]] of the print bed is the reason for unsatisfactorily adhesion of the first layer. If the distance between the print bed surface and the nozzle tip becomes to wide, the filament will not be pressed but laid on the surface and single strands will not merge. No cohesion between adjoined strands and no adherence to the underground will develop. It is easy to recognize and as easy to correct such faults as result from false leveling.\\
+Too low a temperature of the print bed also effects poor first layer adhesion. In such cases it might be necessary to find the correct temperature by simply trying. If you cannot succeed with this, something might be wrong with the heating element.
+=== Following layers ===
+Whereas the first layer decides if a print can be finished or not, the following layers influence the fineness and optical appearance of the model. Thinner layers improve the surface quality and chamfers and curvatures are more refined and smooth with much less visible steps. But choosing a lower layer height will also increase the printing time. Regard that halving the layer height more than doubles the print time and at some point the improvement of the appearance will be no longer visible. The other way around you will receive a rougher surface in a shorter time. It is depending on your demands which resolution you try to achieve and how much time you are able or willing to invest for a certain result. The slicing settings are not limited in this regard, so feel free to try it out.\\
+We recommend the following settings when printing ABS or other viscous materials:
+  * The minimal layer height should not undercut ''0.1 mm''. For values below this we have no adequate experience since the improvement in surface resolution stands way behind the increase of print time. More inviscid materials may allow even thinner layers.\\ Regard that the layer height is not necessarily limited by the nozzle tip diameter; it is possible to receive excellent results printing 0.1 mm layers with a 0.35 mm nozzle tip. In the same regard take note that the layer height does not implicitly improve every result. When it comes to fine structures and sharp edges, choosing a smaller nozzle tip without reducing the corresponding layer height can be the key to success.
+  * The maximal layer height should not exceed 80 % of the nozzle tip diameter. Above this value the distance between nozzle tip and previous layer becomes too far and the extruded amount of material may not suffice for good layer binding and thus strong, stable objects.\\ Slicing software like Slic3r do allow configuring layer heights up to the actual nozzle tip diameter (100%) but broad experience in FFF 3D printing and the Open Source RepRap 3D printer development shows, that max. 80% is a safe approximate value for best results.
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Dimensional accuracy ====
+Dimensional accuracy is a core demand of any manufacturing process and therefore is a feature very much looked into in the RepRap Industrial 3D printer. It is built to provide high mechanical accuracy in positioning and supports a variety of possibilities to compensate for mechanical influence factors to improve appearance and dimensional accuracy (e.g. precise [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#backlash-calibration|backlash calibration]]).\\
+Also, the recommended slicing software [[http://slic3r.org/|Slic3r]] calculates extrusion width, material flow and movement to precisely match the dimensions given in the .stl-file.\\
+Kühling&Kühling aim to meet accuracy demands of ±0.2 mm "out-of-the-box", thus delivering every RepRap Industrial 3D printer carefully adjusted and optimally calibrated.\\
+But some factors that influence the dimensional accuracy of print objects cannot be compensated by the apparatus or the slicing software but can be partly neutralized by slightly altering the model geometry of the CAD-file.\\
+Currently, it is not possible to compensate all influences equally and at the same time but the following tips provide some means to improve the dimensional accuracy of your prints if required.
+=== Influence of thermal expansion ===
+Any material is subject to thermal expansion when heated and shrinkage when cooled. Since the temperature range a plastic passes through during a print is very wide, reaching from around 100 °C at the print bed surface to approx. 20 °C when taken out of the build chamber, the influence of thermal expansion cannot be neglected. Thermoplastics usually have a relatively high thermal expansion factor.\\
+For example: the thermal linear expansion coefficient ''α''<sub>''L''</sub> of ABS is approximately ''1x10''<sup>''⁻4''</sup> ''K''<sup>''-1''</sup>, which means that a part of 25 mm length (or diameter) will shrink by approximately:\\ \\
+''25 mm x 1x10''<sup>''-4''</sup> ''K''<sup>''-1''</sup>'' x (100 °C - 20 °C) = 0.19 mm (≅ 0.76 %)''\\ \\
+due to thermal influences alone.\\ \\
+A series of over two hundred measurements with ABS test bodies printed with a RepRap Industrial has shown that the effective deviation lies above the expected value, between 1 and 2%, increasing with decreasing size. Especially for small dimensions ≤5 mm other effects (see below) may counter or intensify the deviation.\\
+For nominal values between 2.5 and 25 mm, the deviation was measured for uncompensated test bodies and two different methods of compensation.\\
+For the uncompensated measurements the above said applies.\\ \\
+The first and more complicated method of compensation is to directly apply the thermal expansion factor in the 3D CAD model and producing an .stl-file that already comes with corrected dimensions. This is only applicable if the 3D CAD program you are using provides the possibility to multiply all dimensions with a specific factor at once.\\
+This method is advantageous if you want to check dimensions in the CAD-file, which is much more common for .stl-data than ready-sliced g-codes.\\
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+The second, more comfortable way is to directly upscale the model in Slic3r.\\ For that:
+  * Upload your .stl-file to Slic3r.
+  * Choose the [Scale...] button and enter the percental scaling factor.
+A factor of 101 % has proven to reduce thermal induced deviation to values between 0.15 and 0.75 % for values ≥5 mm.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_upscale.png?400|Scaling the model directly in Slic3r.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+Excerpt from the measurement report:
+^  Nominal\\ value  ^ ^  Mean value\\ (12 measurements)  ^  Deviation  ^ ^  Compensated via\\ 3D CAD model\\ (dim x α<sub>L</sub>)  ^  Deviation  ^ ^  Compensated via\\ Slic3r\\ (101%)  ^  Deviation  ^
+^  [mm]   ^ ^  [mm]       ^  [%]   ^ ^  [mm]       ^  [%]   ^ ^  [mm]       ^  [%]   ^
+|  25.00  | |  ''24.74''  |  1.04  | |  ''25.05''  |  0.19  | |  ''24.99''  |  0.03  |
+|  20.00  | |  ''19.77''  |  1.17  | |  ''19.96''  |  0.20  | |  ''19.97''  |  0.16  |
+|  15.00  | |  ''14.75''  |  1.64  | |  ''14.91''  |  0.62  | |  ''14.89''  |  0.71  |
+|  10.00  | |  ''9.84''   |  1.65  | |  ''10.03''  |  0.30  | |  ''9.97''   |  0.27  |
+|  5.00   | |  ''4.94''   |  1.18  | |  ''4.99''   |  0.30  | |  ''4.98''   |  0.50  |
+|  2.50   | |  ''2.40''   |  4.20  | |  ''2.44''   |  2.40  | |  ''2.45''   |  1.93  |
+<WRAP clear/>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:cylindric_pyramid_mean-values.png?400|The deviation decreases significantly when the thermal expansion is compensated.\\ Either for diameters of circular structures …}}]
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:cubic_pyramid_mean-values.png?400|… or linear dimensions.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+The table above outlines that the improvement by either method is significant compared to the uncompensated model while not making much of a difference compared among each other.\\ All measurements where done for a set of twelve individually printed test bodies (see adjacent picture). The deviations of each set and diameter where averaged for comparison.\\
+The table also shows that for smallest structures the effect is in fact significant but that other effects need compensating measures too to receive best results.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:pyrcompuncomp.png?400|netfabb visualization of the ABS test bodies printed for comparison and evaluation. On the left hand-side the uncompensated model, on the right-hand side the model after multiplying with α<sub>L</sub> prior to exporting the .stl.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+=== Influence of backlash ===
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Another factor strongly affecting the dimensional accuracy is the driving unit's backlash, a mechanical characteristic of any device using drive gears, belts and spindle drives to create movement. Whenever the major direction of movements of one of the axes changes and the drive reverses direction, mechanical lash effects a slight offset from the optimal way of movement. This offset, the "backlash", can be measured and compensated by software means to correct the way of movement whenever necessary.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:axes_movement_theory.png?400|The four directions of movement and the turning points during printing a circle.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+The adjacent pictures exemplarily show the influence of not or incorrectly compensated backlash on the dimensions of a circle, because this is where it is most prominently visible since the direction changes four times.\\
+These figures are based upon a computed simulation with equal settings for the X- and Y-backlash compensation.\\
+For either movement it is assumed that in the starting position (lower left) both belts are fully in the end stop of the pulley.\\
+\\
+Regard that over-compensation does not effect a behavior similar to under-compensation, just on the other side, but creates a totally different movement pattern which is not predictable for more complex geometries.\\
+\\
+The RepRap Industrial will show slightly different behavior since the axes' drives are differently arranged. The Y-axis almost always needs a higher compensation factor because of the superposition of the two drive belts.\\ More machine-specific information on behavior and how to measure and compensate the backlash of the RepRap Industrial 3D printer can be found in the [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide|Service guide]].
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:backlash_uncompensated.png?400|Effective travel of the print head when  backlash is not or under-compensated.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:backlash_over-compensated.png?400|Effective travel of the print head when  backlash is over-compensated.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+=== Small holes ===
+Small hole dimensions may be subject to two additional error causes apart from shrinkage and print head positioning.
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+When the print head follows a curve the inner side of an extrusion strand is slightly overfilled which results in an excess of material on the inner wall of a hole.\\ The effect is strongest in holes of small diameters (< ∅5 mm).\\
+\\
+If your print object has little overhanging structures, reducing the outer perimeter extrusion width can help avoiding this effect (see graphic on the right).
+But most effectively it is countered directly in the CAD model since it is impossible to calculate and compensate by hardware and slicing software means.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:small_diameter_deviation_extrusion1.png?400|Overfilling of the inside of the extrusion strand reduces the diameter of small holes.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_advanced_extrusion-width.png?400|Reducing the outer perimeter extrusion width in Slic3r.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+A minor aspect is the number of triangles a model is built from, i.e. the number of facets. Normally, any .stl's resolution is fine enough for sufficiently reflecting the details of a model  and respectively loss of accuracy is neglectable.\\
+Still, for small bores the number of facets may play a role if it is very low.\\
+The graphic on the right displays the possible influence of facets on an inner diameter.\\
+In case of roughly faceted objects try increasing the resolution of your CAD model to improve dimensional accuracy.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:diameterdeviationextrusion2.png?400|Correlation of low faceted walls and diameter.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Filament quality check ====
@@ Line 387: / Line 760: @@
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Calibrating the extrusion ====
+The stability and dimensional accuracy of any printed object require a correct amount of filament conveyed through the nozzle. Too little extrusion and the part will be thin-walled, fragile and likely to break. Too much material is likely to clog the nozzle and ruin the print.
+The amount of material effectively conveyed through the nozzle is depending on:
+  * the 3D printer itself - slight variations are possible due to the manufacturing process;
+  * the actual filament diameter - in the range of the dimensional stability of the filament;
+  * the printed material's properties - the extruder drive wheel grinds deeper into softer materials, thus reducing the actual diameter;
+  * the idler tension - high tension will cause the drive wheels teeth to grind deeply into the filament, causing a dilation of the material and a reduced output.\\
+\\
+To make sure that the print result is stable and accurate, an //extrusion multiplier// must be found for every material on every apparatus; it may be that this factor must be found for every spool of filament.\\
+The correct extrusion multiplier is set in the slicing software, compensating for the above named variables.\\
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+To find the correct multiplier, open the //Setup// menu at the GUI and choose [Calibrate Extrusion].\\ \\
+A detailed description for ABS filament can be found [[reprap-industrial-v1:software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#extruder-calibration|here]].\\
+For other materials, the same procedure applies but you have to prepare a G-code for the test print.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:gui_v110_setup_selectcalibextr.png?400||Choose the [Calibrate Extrusion] wizard from the //Setup// menu (either software version).}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+To create a G-code for the extrusion calibration, you need an stl-file of a cube with the dimensions 30x30x15 mm (download {{:reprap-industrial-v1:calibrationcube_30x30x15.stl|here}}).
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_calibrateextrusion_cubeprepost.png?400|The 30x30x15 mm calibration cube as OpenSCAD model and ready sliced with Slic3r (view taken with Repetier-Host).}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Load the stl-file in Slic3r and select the //Print Settings// tab.\\
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_selectpartsettings_2.png?400|Load the calibration cube stl-file in Slic3r.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Choose the //SOLID// profile as a basis.
+\\
+Choose the following settings to make the cube a box without a lid and only one perimeter of 0.5 mm thickness for a wall:
+| Layers and Perimeters -> Vertical shells\\  Perimeters (minimum)  |  1  |
+| Layers and Perimeters -> Horizontal shells\\ Solid Layers TOP |  0  |
+| Layers and Perimeters -> Horizontal shells\\ Solid Layers BOTTOM |  3  |
+| Infill -> Fill density  |  0 %  |
+| Advanced -> Default extrusion width  |  0.5  |
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_selectprintsettings_calibrateextrusion.png?400|Select the //Layers and perimeters// according to the adjacent table.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_selectprintsettingsinfill_calibrateextrusion.png?400|Select the //Infill// according to the adjacent table.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_selectprintsettings_calibrateextrusion_advanced.png?400|Select the //Default extrusion width// according to the adjacent table.}}]
+<WRAP info>
+INFO
+//Saving these settings as an "extruder calibration" profile will make this calibration much more comfortable in the future.//
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+Upload the G-code to your 3D printer, print it, measure the wall thicknesses, and calculate the mean value.\\
+\\
+Then open the [Calibrate Extrusion] wizard and enter the mean value.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:gui_setupmenu_v110_extrusionmultiplier.png?400|Adjust the preset "0.50 mm" value via the touch buttons and read the necessary extrusion multiplier directly from the display.}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP half column>
+The displayed extrusion multiplier can be entered in Slic3r (Filament settings) and saved in the filament profile.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP half column>
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_extrusionmultiplier.png?400|Enter the extrusion multiplier in Slic3r and save the filament profile (rename!).}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
+<WRAP clear/>
+===== Materials =====
+All information given in the following have been thoroughly tested on the RepRap Industrial and are valid for this 3D-printer only.\\
+We guarantee that the stated settings are applicable for the materials provided directly by Kühling&Kühling or manufacturers explicitly named here. Other suppliers are available but since 3D printing filaments are far from being subject to manufacturing standards, Kühling&Kühling cannot be held liable for problems arising from filament obtained from non-specified sources.\\
+Nonetheless we will provide assistance and support for any question concerning the handling/printing of materials. Please also refer to the [[#filament-quality-check|filament quality check procedure]] and the respective sections of the [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide|service guide]] as well as the [[reprap-industrial-v1:troubleshooting|troubleshooting guide]] if you experience any trouble with your printing material. We are trying to provide information about and remedies for all known problems and are thankful for any hint on new methods, materials and solutions.\\
+  * [[#acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-abs|Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)]]
+  * [[#high-impact-polystyrene-hips|High-impact Polystyrene (HIPS)]]
+  * [[#polyamid-pa-nylon|Polyamid (PA, Nylon)]]
+  * [[#polycarbonate-pc|Polycarbonate (PC)]]
+  * [[#polyethylene-terephthalate-pet-copolyester|Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Copolyester)]]
+  * [[#polyvinyl-alcohol-pva|Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)]]
+  * [[#thermoplastic-elastomer-tpe|Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE)]]
+  * [[#polylactic-acid-pla|Polylactic Acid (PLA)]]
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) ====
@@ Line 410: / Line 898: @@
 | Idler lever preload   | 5.0-5.4mm  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1/service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 **Additional things to know**
 |<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
@@ Line 424: / Line 912: @@
 | Drying  | not required  | |
 | Storage  | in the open  | |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) ====
@@ Line 436: / Line 924: @@
 | Print bed design  | Standard PEI print bed  |
 | Print bed temperature  | 60-100°C ¹  |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 20-70°C  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 20-70°C  |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
 | Extruder temperature   | 220-230°C  |
 | Speed settings  | use standard settings for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-abs|ABS settings]]  |
@@ Line 453: / Line 941: @@
 | Drying  | not required  | |
 | Storage  | in the open  | |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Polyamid (PA, Nylon) =====
@@ Line 461: / Line 949: @@
 PA12 is the polyamid with the lowest water absorption (0.7 %) and therefore suitable for constructive parts in humid environment. It is not as strong and thermostable as PA6 (up to +50 °C) but chemically and impact resistant. PA12 is used as packing material in food and pharmaceutical applications, for cable insulation and gas and oil resistant hoses.\\
 All polyamids are warping strongly and require adaptation of the print settings.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 === PA12 ===
@@ Line 487: / Line 975: @@
 | Storage  | in closed lid container after drying, preferably with desiccant  | |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 === PA6 ===
@@ Line 498: / Line 986: @@
 | Extruder temperature  | 260 to 280°C  |
 | Speed settings  | Set first layer speed to 2mm/s; following layers can be extruded at standard [[#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS]] settings. |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 **Additional things to know**
 |<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
@@ Line 507: / Line 995: @@
 | Drying  | urgent; dry at 60-80°C for 2-8 hrs.  |
 | Storage  | in closed lid container after drying, preferably with desiccant  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Polycarbonate (PC) =====
@@ Line 519: / Line 1007: @@
 |<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
 ^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
-| Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed with ABS glue*  | |
+| Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed  | |
-| Print bed temperature  | 120°C    | |
+| Print bed temperature  | First layer: 130°C\\ Layers: 120°C    | |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 70°C   | |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 75°C   | |
-| Extruder temperature  | 275-280°C  | |
+| Extruder temperature  | First layer 285°C\\ Layers: 275°C  | |
-| Speed settings  | use standard presets for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS settings]]  |
+| Speed settings  | Reduce first layer speed to 5mm/s\\ all other settings as standard presets for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS settings]]  |
 | Idler lever preload  | 3.5mm   |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 <wrap lo> *) Dissolve ABS remnants in Acetone until you get a thin, opaque liquid. Apply thinly by dappling the print bed with a soaked cloth.</wrap>
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 **Additional things to know**
 |<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
 ^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
-| Solvent  | Acetone\\ best results when stirred.  | |
+| Solvent  | Acetone\\ best results when stirred  | |
-| Warping  | very strong, needs sound contact to the accurately leveled print bed  |  [[{|width: 8em}#warping-prevention|Warping prevention]]  |
+| Warping  | strong, needs sound contact to the accurately leveled print bed  |  [[{|width: 8em}#warping-prevention|Warping prevention]]  |
 | Stringing  | medium  | |
 | Support requirements  | Needs support structures for overhangs at 45°. Due to the strong layers, support is hard to remove without breaking delicate structures.  | |
@@ Line 540: / Line 1028: @@
 | Drying  | urgent; dry at 80-90°C for 4-8 hrs.  | |
 | Storage  | with desiccant in sealed lid container after drying  | |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) Copolyester =====
@@ Line 554: / Line 1042: @@
 | Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed  | |
 | Print bed temperature  | 60-80°C    |    |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 20-50°C  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#Adjusting the build chamber temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 20-50°C  |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
 | Extruder temperature  | 260-270°C ¹ | |
 | Speed settings | use standard presets for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS settings]]  |
@@ Line 572: / Line 1060: @@
 | Drying  | not required  | |
 | Storage  | in the open  | |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) =====
@@ Line 598: / Line 1086: @@
 | Print bed design    | Standard PEI print bed  | |
 | Print bed temperature  | max. 60°C    | |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 30-40°C     |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#Adjusting the build chamber temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Build chamber temperature  | 30-40°C     |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
 | Extruder temperature  | 205-215°C  | |
-| Speed settings  | use standard presets for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)|ABS settings]]  |
+| Speed settings  | use standard presets for ABS  |  [[{|width: 8em}#acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-abs|ABS settings]]  |
 | Idler lever preload  | 3.5mm   |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
@@ Line 609: / Line 1097: @@
 | Drying  | required; dry at 60°C for 3-4 hrs.  | |
 | Storage  | in closed lid container after drying, preferably with desiccant  | |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) =====
@@ Line 633: / Line 1121: @@
 | Print bed temperature  | TPE-o: 105 °C  |
 |::: | TPE-u: 70 °C   | |
-| Build chamber temperature  | max. 40°C     |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#Adjusting the build chamber temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Build chamber temperature  | max. 40°C     |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
 | Extruder temperature  | TPE-o: 230-240°C  | |
 |::: | TPE-u: 225-240°C  | |
-| Speed settings  | - massively reduce print speed:\\ max. 7 m/s for every print operation (all perimeters, infill, support etc.)\\ or\\ volumetric speed 1 mm³/s (available since Slic3r v1.2.8)\\ - reduced priming speed  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#g-code-manipulation|Reducing the priming speed ]]  |
+| Speed settings  | - massively reduce print speed:\\ max. 7 m/s for every print operation (all perimeters, infill, support etc.)\\ or\\ volumetric speed 1 mm³/s (available since Slic3r v1.2.8)\\ - reduced priming speed  |  [[{|width: 8em}#g-code-manipulation|Reducing the priming speed ]]  |
 | Idler lever preload  | 4.3mm   |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
 | Nozzle tip | 0.5 or above  | |
@@ Line 647: / Line 1135: @@
 | Drying  | not required  | |
 | Storage  | in the open  | |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Polylactic Acid (PLA) =====
@@ Line 657: / Line 1145: @@
 |<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
 ^ Feature  ^ Setting  ^ see also  ^
-| Print bed design    | standard PEI print bed, glass | |
+| Print bed design    | standard PEI print bed, glass, [[http://www.buildtak.eu/shop/|BuildTak]] | |
-| Print bed temperature  | 40-60°C  |  |
+| Print bed temperature  | OFF-50°C  |  |
-| Build chamber temperature  | 20-40°C  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#Adjusting the build chamber temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
+| Build chamber temperature  | OFF°C  |  [[{|width: 8em}#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Build chamber temperature]]  |
-| Extruder temperature  | 180-235°C *  | |
+| Extruder temperature  | 180-220°C *  | |
-| Speed settings  | - reduce print speed (max. 20m/s for all perimeters) *  | |
+| Speed settings  | reduce standard settings for ABS by 20% *\\ Perimeters: 20mm/s\\ Infill: 24mm/s  | |
 | Idler lever preload  | 4.0mm   |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
-| Nozzle tip | 0.5 or above  | |
+| Nozzle tip | all  | |
 *<wrap lo> depending on color, filler; test to find best suitable settings for your application.\\ For example: [[http://colorfabb.com|colorFabb's]] famous //woodfill// is best extruded at 225 °C with 12 mm/s for perimeters and 24 mm/s for the infill.</wrap>
@@ Line 671: / Line 1159: @@
 | Solvent  | Tetrahydrofuran  <WRAP caution>**USE RESPONSIBLY!**\\ //Tetrahydrofuran can cause eye irritations and irritations of the respiratory system. Fumes are easily flammable.\\ Apply skin protection cream or wear protective gloves when handling the solvent. Do not empty into drains. Do not use near open flames or heat sources.\\ Observe the manufacturer's safety data sheet and make accessible to anyone handling tetrahydrofuran!//</WRAP>  | |
 | Layer binding  | good  | |
-| Part strength/stability  | medium  | |
+| Part strength/stability  | medium; parts are stiff and brittle  | |
 | Warping  | low   ||
 | Drying  | not required  | |
 | Storage  | in the open  | |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 ===== High-temperature materials =====
 For extruding the materials described in the following temperatures above 300°C are required. For 3D printing them on a RepRap Industrial this means that the ([[sales@kuehlingkuehling.de|optional]]) high-temperature hot-end is required, which allows for extrusion temperatures of up to 400°C.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+  * [[##polyether-ether-ketone-peek|Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)]]
+<WRAP clear/>
 ==== Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ====
@@ Line 697: / Line 1187: @@
 | Idler lever preload   | 1mm  |  [[{|width: 8em}reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#extruder-idler-lever|Setting the idler lever preload]]  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
 **Additional information**
 |<100% 25% 55% 20%>|
@@ Line 707: / Line 1197: @@
 | Tempering  | can be useful for very stiff material that keeps uncoiling; heat at 200°C for 1-2 hrs.  |
 | FDA and EMA compliant | |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
-===== Layers and quality =====
+====== Tips & Tricks ======
-If it comes to high-quality printing, there is no way to avoid grappling with the "layers" topic. The layer settings influence the quality of a print in the same way as extrusion temperature and movement speed do. In fact, all of these settings interact and influence one another, but you may have recognized that in every slicing software there are a lot of layer-specific settings waiting for adjustment.\\
+Here you will find information about issues concerning the operation of the RepRap Industrial in your specific work environment or solutions for questions that have been upraised by support requests.
-The following paragraphs are meant to give you an overview on the topic and further to provide you with detailed information about necessary basic and useful advanced settings to stepwise increase your prints with the RepRap Industrial.\\
+  * [[#commandline-access-to-the-linux-operating-system-via-ssh|Command line access]]
-As previously mentioned elsewhere in this manual, we are focused on printing ABS at high quality so the following mostly refers to settings with this material; if otherwise, it will be specially emphasized.\\
+  * [[#setting-a-static-ip-address-for-reprap-industrial-ethernet-connection|Setting a static IP address]]
-When talking about software settings we always refer to the Slic3r software of Alessandro Ranellucci and his team ([[http://slic3r.org/]]).\\
+  * [[#use-a-custom-ntp-server-for-time-signals|Setting time signals]]
-Everything else only refers to printing with the RepRap Industrial, since this is the basis of our experience. Most things may also be valid for other appliances and different slicing software since it is basic knowledge about FFF manufacturing which can be found elsewhere in books and on the internet. We want to enable the user of a RepRap Industrial to achieve the best possible results with his machine and to provide the necessary knowledge from a single source.
+  * [[#changing-shell-password-in-the-beaglebone-black-operating-system|Password change]]
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+  * [[#print-bed-leveling|Leveling tips]]
+  * [[#deactivating-the-heating-elements-after-end-of-print-job|Switching heating elements off via the G-code]]
+  * [[#adjusting-the-build-chamber-temperature|Changing the build chamber temperature via the G-code]]
+  * [[#g-code-manipulation-at-the-gui|G-code commands for direct use at the 3D-printer]]
-==== Warping prevention ====
+==== Commandline Access to the linux operating system via SSH ====
-One of the most important factors deciding whether a print finishes at all and if it does defining the final quality is the adhesion of the first layer to the print bed. The first layer channels off heat tensions from the printed object into the print bed.\\ ABS, Polycarbonate and Nylon for example are very prone to warping, so only firm adherence to the subsurface can effectively prevent bending and warping. With a first layer not sticking to the subsurface all-over, tensions will manifest all through the model - the object will detach itself from the print bed and the print is wasted. High temperature effected tensions manifest ever stronger with increasing height of the printed model. Long, straight perimeters enhance this effect further.\\
+Use SSH on your computer connected to the same LAN as your 3D printer to log in to the RepRap Industrials' built-in BeagleBone Black. You can use the hostname from the printers' [[reprap-industrial-v1:manual#Setup|Backend-URL]] and log in with the following access data:
-Three factors determine the adhesion:
+  User: kiosk
-  - A correctly leveled print bed (explained under [[reprap-industrial-v1:tips-tricks#print-bed-leveling|Tips & Tricks]]),
+  Password: eight-digit combination from the serial number at the back of the device. Take the first two four-digit blocks - XX-AAAA-BBBB-CCCC-YYYY becomes an "AAAABBBB" password.
-  - the material of the print bed and
-  - the temperature of the print bed.
-The material of the print bed must match the chosen filament. The standardized PEI print beds delivered with the RepRap Industrial perfectly match the requirements for printing [[knowledge-base#acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-abs|ABS]] and [[knowledge-base#high-impact-polystyrene-hips|HIPS]], the most common printing materials for this 3D printer. Other materials such as [[knowledge-base#polyethylene-terephthalate-pet-copolyester|PET Copolyester]] and [[knowledge-base#thermoplastic-elastomer-tpe|TPE-u]] also stick to the PEI surface unproblematically.\\ If a special treatment of the print bed (e.g. PVA glue for printing [[knowledge-base#polyvinyl-alcohol-pva|PVA]]) or another material (e.g. plywood for printing [[knowledge-base#polyamid-pa-nylon|PA 12]]) are required, this is specially stated in the list of [[knowledge-base#materials|Materials]].\\
-\\
-The most necessary print setting apart from the material is the correct print bed temperature to ensure that the filament sticks to its subsurface throughout the printing process. Some materials, like ABS or PC, need high temperatures to stick, whereas for others, such as Nylon or PVA, heat is counter-productive and a cold bed is needed.\\
-The required print bed temperature for any material tested on the RepRap Industrial 3D printer can also be found in the [[knowledge-base#materials|Materials']] descriptions.
-Other Slic3r settings that help minimizing warping are described in the slicing chapter of [[tips-tricks?&#first-layer|Tips & Tricks]].
+==== Setting a static IP address for RepRap Industrial ethernet connection ====
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
+First, [[#commandline-access-to-the-linux-operating-system-via-ssh|establish a commandline connection]] to the printer.
-==== The first layer ====
-One thing that always stands out when preparing a print job with the slicing software are the **first layer** settings. While everything thereafter is only "layers", the first layer is especially important for the result of any print job.\\
-This is because of the requirements imposed on the first layer:
-  * Compensation of unevennesses of the subsurface to found an even foundation for the following layers. Slight leveling mistakes, scratches and bends can provide quite an uneven underground; in the slicing profiles provided at our [[https://github.com/kuehlingkuehling/RepRap-Industrial-Slic3r-profiles|GitHub repository]] the first layer is preset to be thicker and wider (see [[#First layer settings|below]]) than the following layers. The increased throughput during printing the first layer fills in waviness of the subsurfaces and thus provides an even underground for the following layers.
-  * Sticking to the print bed during the entire print job so that heat tensions are channeled off and warping is minimized. The adherence to the print bed is above all responsible for the minimization or manifestation of warpage. Correct first layer settings become the more important the larger the printed object is and the more long, strung-out edges it contains.
-  * Loosing the adhesion after completion of the print job. After finishing a print job, the model must be detached from the print bed without breaking apart so the first layer must not merge permanently with the print bed but reversible (e.g. due to cooling). This is the only feature that cannot be influenced via the slicing settings and is totally dependent on the material match of printed plastic and print bed.
-It has been a challenge to find materials matching the properties of ABS and the above named special features. After a lot of testing, we found that our PEI print bed meets all requirements concerning rigidity, stiffness, flatness, and thermal stability. In combination with the heating of the build chamber we experience no trouble printing straight, non-deforming objects and have had no problems so far removing our models from the print bed.\\
+From within the terminal session, edit the network configuration via the command line editor "nano"
-If you are sure to have leveled your print bed correctly and all temperatures are set right and still you experience delamination and warpage, have a look at your first layer settings; there might be something to be improved here.
+  sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces
+  (use the same password as for the SSH connection)
-=== Mechanical features for a high-quality first layer ===
+The current DHCP setup looks like:
-Since the first layer is a well known problem of 3D printing and distinguishes the over-all quality of a 3D Printer, Kühling&Kühling focused on providing a strong mechanical basis from the beginning on.\\
+  # The primary network interface
-To make sure that constructive negligence never may ruin a print, intense attention was given to the rigidity of the print table, the choice of an adequate print bed and an easy-to-use and reliable design of the leveling mechanism.\\
+  auto eth0
-The print table is designed to be stiff and rigid with a precisely manufactured aluminum plate as subsurface for the print bed. The crossbeams have been kept as short as possible to eliminate leverage and the carriage is mounted on high-precision shafts and guided by minimal friction linear slide bearings. The drive spindle allows for extremely precise positioning of the print table in Z-direction with neglectable gravity-compensated backlash.\\
+  iface eth0 inet dhcp
-With the newly designed silicone heating pad of hardware revision 1.1.0, the heat distribution has been improved to be still more even to ensure an over-all heating of the print bed.\\
+   pre-up iptables-restore </etc/iptables.rules
-The print bed itself is a particularly chosen and tested PEI-glassfibre plate that provides especially good properties for printing ABS. It perfectly spreads the heat provided by the silicone heating pad and, though not thicker than 2 mm, is rigid enough to withstand warping forces as well as sufficiently flexible to remove finished print objects by bending and flexing.\\
-But no constructive measures will suffice if the print bed is askew, so precise leveling is mandatory. To keep the leveling process as time saving as possible, the print table is mounted on a three-point spring support with set screws to fixate it in the correct position. This guarantees the necessary uniform distance of nozzle tip and print surface all over the print bed. The respective leveling instructions are implemented on the touchscreen user interface as a step-by-step wizard that is simple to follow and quick to perform.
-=== First layer settings ===
+Change the setup according to your needs.
-<WRAP group>
+Example:
-<WRAP half column>
+    # The primary network interface
-As mentioned above, the following recommendations are valid for printing ABS on the RepRap Industrial. We have taken all this into respect when creating our slicing profiles and you do not need to try and find matching settings for the first prints. After growing accustomed to 3D printing and the apparatus' specific features you can start optimizing. Also, if you want to print other materials than ABS, the basic settings named here apply and can be used to modify your results.\\
+    auto eth0
-The first layer should be thicker and wider than the following layers. In case of the RepRap Industrial we recommend the following (and have already taken it into respect in our slicing profiles):
+    iface eth0 inet static
-</WRAP>
+    address 192.168.1.20
+    netmask 255.255.255.0
+    broadcast 192.168.1.255
+    gateway 192.168.1.1
+    dns-search family.local
+    dns-nameservers 192.168.1.1
+      pre-up iptables-restore </etc/iptables.rules
-<WRAP half column>
+The rest of the file remains unchanged. Save the file using CTRL+X and confirm the overwrite query with "Y".
-<WRAP info>
+Disconnect and finish by typing
-INFO
+  exit
-//The following applies to the nozzle tip size 0.35 mm and the preset Slic3r profiles you installed during initial commissioning. It is meant to give you an overview of the settings relevant for the optimization of the first layer adhesion. Please experiment to find the settings best suited for your task and test all settings before applying them to your final model if you use other nozzle sizes.\\ When using the 0.5 or the 0.75 mm nozzle tip, there is no further improvement when setting the layer height equal to the nozzle tip diameter. A value of ''0.4 mm'' will suffice for these nozzle tips.//
-</WRAP>
-</WRAP>
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP group>
+[[software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#switching-off-the-3d-printer|Shut down]] and [[software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#waking-from-standby|reboot]] the RepRap Industrial to establish the alterations.
-<WRAP half column>
+<WRAP clear/>
-  * The first layer height should be adequate to the nozzle tip's diameter.\\ For example:\\ Printing with a nozzle tip size 0.35 means setting the first layer height to ''0.35 mm''
+==== Use a custom NTP server for time signals ====
-</WRAP>
+First, [[#commandline-access-to-the-linux-operating-system-via-ssh|establish a commandline connection]] to the printer.
-<WRAP half column>
+From within the terminal session, stop the NTP daemon background process
-[{{slic3r_firstlayersettings.png?400|Slic3r Print Settings - setting the first layer height}}]
+  sudo service ntp stop
-</WRAP>
+  (use the same password as for the SSH connection)
-</WRAP>
+Edit the NTP daemon configuration via the command line editor "nano"
+  sudo nano /etc/ntp.conf
+Search for the few lines beginning with <code>server ...</code> and add an additional new line **before** these **with the address to your local NTP server** like this
+  server 192.168.1.123
+add another additional statement anywhere in this file
+  # ignore panic threshold for huge time differences
+  tinker panic 0
+The rest of the file remains unchanged. Save the file using CTRL+X and confirm the overwrite query with "Y".
+Re-enable NTP client service for background operation
+  sudo service ntp start
-<WRAP group>
+Disconnect and finish by typing
-<WRAP half column>
+  exit
-  * The extrusion width should be set to ''150 %'' of the first layer height.\\ For example:\\ Printing with a nozzle tip size 0.35 and thus 0.35 mm first layer height, setting the first layer  extrusion width to ''150 %'' means an extrusion width of 0.53 mm. This ensures that enough filament is extruded to compensate for slight unevenness of the subsurface and still enough adhesion.\\ In Slic3r you can preset and save this setting as a percentage so that the first layer's extrusion width is independent of the actual nozzle tip size.
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP half column>
+[[software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#switching-off-the-3d-printer|Shut down]] and [[software-version-v1.1.0-operation-and-commissioning#waking-from-standby|reboot]] the RepRap Industrial to establish the alterations.
-[{{slic3r_advancedsettings.png?400|Slic3r Advanced Settings - reducing the first layer extrusion width}}]
+<WRAP clear/>
-<WRAP info>
-INFO
-//Both above mentioned measures compensate for unevennesses of the print bed and increase the tolerance against slight leveling mistakes. The distance between nozzle tip and print bed will assure that the bore is not clogged when passing convex bumps by leaving enough free space in between. The extrusion width will make sure that enough material is conveyed to equalize concave crudities.//
+==== Changing Shell Password in the BeagleBone Black Operating System ====
-</WRAP>
-</WRAP>
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP group>
+After manually creating a new Micro-SD Card from a pre-packaged upgrade release provided by //Kühling&Kühling//, the user account running the RepRapOnRails software in the Linux operating system will be in default configuration. To change the password, use SSH on your computer connected to the same LAN as your 3D printer to log in to the BeagleBone Black. You can use the hostname in the printers' [[reprap-industrial-v1:manual#Setup|Backend-URL]] as its address and log in with the following access data:
-<WRAP half column>
-  * The first layer speed should be reduced because the print bed does not fuse easily with the material. Slower movement ensures a more even temperature distribution between underground and material and thereby a better binding between them as well as longer cooling time which aids relaxation of tensions.\\ For ABS, a first layer speed of ''15 mm/s'' is a functional value. For other materials, settings from ''10 to 30 mm/s'' are recommended (always choose slower values for nozzle tips ≤0.35 mm).
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP half column>
+  User: kiosk
-[{{slic3r_firstlayerspeed.png?400|Slic3r Print Settings - setting the first layer extrusion speed}}]
+  Password: kiosk
-</WRAP>
-</WRAP>
+Now you can set a new password by entering
+  passwd
-<WRAP group>
+and following the instructions. In delivery condition the unique password is an eight-digit combination from the serial number at the back of the device. Take the first two four-digit blocks (example: XX-AAAA-BBBB-CCCC-YYYY becomes an "AAAABBBB" password).
-<WRAP half column>
+<WRAP clear/>
-  * [[knowledge-base#setting-the-extrusion-temperature|Changing the extrusion temperature]] and the print bed temperature can also improve the first layer adherence. Changing the temperature a few degrees may allow for the filament to melt a little more inviscid and to lay more evenly onto the print bed.\\ Increasing the print bed temperature can have a similar effect as reducing the extrusion speed: a better temperature distribution and increased cooling time.\\ For printing ABS we find no difference in quality using varying temperatures so the settings are the same for the first and the following layers but this feature may help printing other plastics.\\
-</WRAP>
-<WRAP half column>
-[{{slic3r_firstlayertemp.png?400|Slic3r Filament Settings - setting the first layer extrusion temperature}}]
-<WRAP info>
-INFO
-//Optimize the extrusion and print bed temperature for the [[knowledge-base#materials|Material]] currently installed.\\ Do not hesitate to try different settings here, since even colored additives may alter the optimal extrusion temperature.//
-</WRAP>
-</WRAP>
-</WRAP>
+==== Print bed leveling ====
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-  * For filigree or thin-walled objects add a 3 to 6 mm brim and/or 3 to 8 raft layers to increase the effective adhering area (see [[http://manual.slic3r.org/|Slic3r manual]] also).
+Accurate leveling is vitally important for the print result. Although correct first layer settings can compensate for slight unevennesses of the print bed, false leveling will ruin a print within the first few layers. \\
-  * Adding a raft may also compensate leveling mistakes as described [[tips-tricks#Tips-for-easier-leveling|here]].
+Evidence for a leveling mistake can be:
+^  No.  ^  Appearance  ^  Reason  ^
+|  1  | Asymmetrical layer thickness, especially of the first layer.   | lopsided leveling\\ Appearance 2 and 3 are visible simultaneously |
+|  2  | Smearing of the extrusion and possibly clogging of the nozzle.  | Print bed and the nozzle are too close together. |
+|  3  | The extruded strand is laid on the print bed instead of being spread.  | Print bed and the nozzle are too far apart.\\ (can be due to a wrong bed temperature also – better double-check) |
+|::: | Strands do not stick to the print bed but are being pulled away by the nozzle tip.  |:::  |
+|  4  | Extrusion of rounded, unjoined strands. | Print bed and the nozzle are too far apart. |
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{slic3r_brim.png?400|Slic3r Print Settings - adding a brim}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:lopsidedleveling.png?400|Leveling mistakes: examples of characteristic appearances of the first layer.}}]
-[{{slic3r_raft.png?400|Slic3r Print Settings - adding raft layers}}]
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-These are the settings for the first layer. Try and experiment with them to improve your results or to print new materials. We shall do the same and publish all relevant findings.
+<WRAP clear/>
-=== Adhesion faults ===
-The fault easiest to diagnose and remedy is the presence of abhesives on the print bed. Recently removed an object from the print bed? Maybe touched the surface? Fingerprints are very effective separating agents that will with certainty prevent sticking of the filament. Any oil, fat, grease or the like will have this effect, so make sure you always [[service-guide#Cleaning recommendation|clean]] the print bed with a suitable solvent before starting a new print.\\
-In most cases, [[tips&tricks#Print bed leveling|false leveling]] of the print bed is the reason for unsatisfactorily adhesion of the first layer. If the distance between the print bed surface and the nozzle tip becomes to wide, the filament will not be pressed but laid on the surface and single strands will not merge. No cohesion between adjoined strands and no adherence to the underground will develop. It is easy to recognize and as easy to correct such faults as result from false leveling.\\
-Too low a temperature of the print bed also effects poor first layer adhesion. In such cases it might be necessary to find the correct temperature by simply trying. If you cannot succeed with this, something might be wrong with the heating element.
-==== Following layers ====
-Whereas the first layer decides if a print can be finished or not, the following layers influence the fineness and optical appearance of the model. Thinner layers improve the surface quality and chamfers and curvatures are more refined and smooth with much less visible steps. But choosing a lower layer height will also increase the printing time. Regard that halving the layer height more than doubles the print time and at some point the improvement of the appearance will be no longer visible. The other way around you will receive a rougher surface in a shorter time. It is depending on your demands which resolution you try to achieve and how much time you are able or willing to invest for a certain result. The slicing settings are not limited in this regard, so feel free to try it out.\\
-We recommend the following settings when printing ABS or other viscous materials:
-  * The minimal layer height should not undercut ''0.1 mm''. For values below this we have no adequate experience since the improvement in surface resolution stands way behind the increase of print time. More inviscid materials may allow even thinner layers.\\ Regard that the layer height is not necessarily limited by the nozzle tip diameter; it is possible to receive excellent results printing 0.1 mm layers with a 0.35 mm nozzle tip. In the same regard take note that the layer height does not implicitly improve every result. When it comes to fine structures and sharp edges, choosing a smaller nozzle tip without reducing the corresponding layer height can be the key to success.
-  * The maximal layer height should not exceed 80 % of the nozzle tip diameter. Above this value the distance between nozzle tip and previous layer becomes too far and the extruded amount of material may not suffice for good layer binding and thus strong, stable objects.\\ Slicing software like Slic3r do allow configuring layer heights up to the actual nozzle tip diameter (100%) but broad experience in FFF 3D printing and the Open Source RepRap 3D printer development shows, that max. 80% is a safe approximate value for best results.
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-===== Dimensional accuracy =====
-Dimensional accuracy is a core demand of any manufacturing process and therefore is a feature very much looked into in the RepRap Industrial 3D printer. It is built to provide high mechanical accuracy in positioning and supports a variety of possibilities to compensate for mechanical influence factors to improve appearance and dimensional accuracy (e.g. precise [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide#backlash-calibration|backlash calibration]]).\\
-Also, the recommended slicing software [[http://slic3r.org/|Slic3r]] calculates extrusion width, material flow and movement to precisely match the dimensions given in the .stl-file.\\
-Kühling&Kühling aim to meet accuracy demands of ±0.2 mm "out-of-the-box", thus delivering every RepRap Industrial 3D printer carefully adjusted and optimally calibrated.\\
-But some factors that influence the dimensional accuracy of print objects cannot be compensated by the apparatus or the slicing software but can be partly neutralized by slightly altering the model geometry of the CAD-file.\\
-Currently, it is not possible to compensate all influences equally and at the same time but the following tips provide some means to improve the dimensional accuracy of your prints if required.
-==== Influence of thermal expansion ====
-Any material is subject to thermal expansion when heated and shrinkage when cooled. Since the temperature range a plastic passes through during a print is very wide, reaching from around 100 °C at the print bed surface to approx. 20 °C when taken out of the build chamber, the influence of thermal expansion cannot be neglected. Thermoplastics usually have a relatively high thermal expansion factor.\\
-For example: the thermal linear expansion coefficient ''α''<sub>''L''</sub> of ABS is approximately ''1x10''<sup>''⁻4''</sup> ''K''<sup>''-1''</sup>, which means that a part of 25 mm length (or diameter) will shrink by approximately:\\ \\
-''25 mm x 1x10''<sup>''-4''</sup> ''K''<sup>''-1''</sup>'' x (100 °C - 20 °C) = 0.19 mm (≅ 0.76 %)''\\ \\
-due to thermal influences alone.\\ \\
-A series of over two hundred measurements with ABS test bodies printed with a RepRap Industrial has shown that the effective deviation lies above the expected value, between 1 and 2%, increasing with decreasing size. Especially for small dimensions ≤5 mm other effects (see below) may counter or intensify the deviation.\\
-For nominal values between 2.5 and 25 mm, the deviation was measured for uncompensated test bodies and two different methods of compensation.\\
-For the uncompensated measurements the above said applies.\\ \\
-The first and more complicated method of compensation is to directly apply the thermal expansion factor in the 3D CAD model and producing an .stl-file that already comes with corrected dimensions. This is only applicable if the 3D CAD program you are using provides the possibility to multiply all dimensions with a specific factor at once.\\
-This method is advantageous if you want to check dimensions in the CAD-file, which is much more common for .stl-data than ready-sliced g-codes.\\
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-The second, more comfortable way is to directly upscale the model in Slic3r.\\ For that:
+To avoid such irritations, make use of the following tips:
-  * Upload your .stl-file to Slic3r.
+  * Always make sure that the build chamber is adequately and uniformly preheated to at least 90 % of the target temperature (e.g. 63 °C for ABS).\\ The Z-end stop is temperature sensitive and may cause deviating positioning when exposed to temperature variations.\\ Keep the build chamber doors as shortly open as possible during leveling to avoid too much heat loss.
-  * Choose the [Scale...] button and enter the percental scaling factor.
+  * If you removed the print bed, always re-insert it in the same direction and orientation it had during leveling.
+  * Put the print bed with the convex side down onto the print table.
-A factor of 101 % has proven to reduce thermal induced deviation to values between 0.15 and 0.75 % for values ≥5 mm.
+  * After adjusting all three leveling points, return the print head to the first position (tap the **[Back]** button). Check the bed - tip distance by tapping (**not** pressing) the print bed with a finger next to the nozzle tip: if you see a gap appearing at the slightest touch, the leveling point is correctly adjusted. If even the least pressure is required, the leveling is too high. Repeat this at the other two leveling points. Have a look at the adjacent videos for visual explanation.
+  * Before waisting time on unsuccessful leveling, please rethink if the currently installed nozzle tip is adequate for the print job. Wider nozzles are more tolerant when it comes to compensating leveling mistakes and may be more suited to the task, especially when printing larger parts.
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_upscale.png?400|Scaling the model directly in Slic3r.}}]
+{{:reprap-industrial-v1:leveling_ok.mp4?400|Leveling test is OK}}
+{{:reprap-industrial-v1:leveling_nok.mp4?400|Leveling test is not OK}}
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-Excerpt from the measurement report:
+=== Tips for easier leveling ===
-^  Nominal\\ value  ^ ^  Mean value\\ (12 measurements)  ^  Deviation  ^ ^  Compensated via\\ 3D CAD model\\ (dim x α<sub>L</sub>)  ^  Deviation  ^ ^  Compensated via\\ Slic3r\\ (101%)  ^  Deviation  ^
-^  [mm]   ^ ^  [mm]       ^  [%]   ^ ^  [mm]       ^  [%]   ^ ^  [mm]       ^  [%]   ^
-|  25.00  | |  ''24.74''  |  1.04  | |  ''25.05''  |  0.19  | |  ''24.99''  |  0.03  |
-|  20.00  | |  ''19.77''  |  1.17  | |  ''19.96''  |  0.20  | |  ''19.97''  |  0.16  |
-|  15.00  | |  ''14.75''  |  1.64  | |  ''14.91''  |  0.62  | |  ''14.89''  |  0.71  |
-|  10.00  | |  ''9.84''   |  1.65  | |  ''10.03''  |  0.30  | |  ''9.97''   |  0.27  |
-|  5.00   | |  ''4.94''   |  1.18  | |  ''4.99''   |  0.30  | |  ''4.98''   |  0.50  |
-|  2.50   | |  ''2.40''   |  4.20  | |  ''2.44''   |  2.40  | |  ''2.45''   |  1.93  |
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:cylindric_pyramid_mean-values.png?400|The deviation decreases significantly when the thermal expansion is compensated.\\ Either for diameters of circular structures …}}]
+If you find it difficult to adjust the three leveling points uniformly with only the spring pressure, place a sheet of paper (not more than standard 80 g/m²) between the nozzle tip and the print bed and carefully push the bed against the tip before fastening the set screws. This way, you ensure a uniform bed - tip distance at all three leveling points.
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:cubic_pyramid_mean-values.png?400|… or linear dimensions.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:levelingpaperspacer.png?400|Manual leveling with paper spacer - front and hind right leveling point.}}]
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
@@ Line 895: / Line 1339: @@
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-The table above outlines that the improvement by either method is significant compared to the uncompensated model while not making much of a difference compared among each other.\\ All measurements where done for a set of twelve individually printed test bodies (see adjacent picture). The deviations of each set and diameter where averaged for comparison.\\
+Another way of making leveling a little bit less important is "floating" your print on a raft. Slic3r (and most other slicing software) provides the "raft" function, a special kind of support material, which means that before starting with the actual object a (customizable) number of loosely printed layers is printed to compensate slight leveling mistakes. If you choose the raft settings correctly, beginning with a layer as wide and thick as allowable (depending on the nozzle tip's diameter) leveling will become a much less annoying process.\\ The raft's first layer is treated as the print's first layer and uses the respective settings. The following layers of the raft are calculated according to the support material settings. Choose the maximal first layer height (//Slic3r -> Print Settings -> Layers and perimeters/First layer height//) and a first layer extrusion width of 250 % (//Slic3r -> Print Settings -> Advanced/Extrusion width -First layer//) for a compensating, condoning and stable raft.
-The table also shows that for smallest structures the effect is in fact significant but that other effects need compensating measures too to receive best results.
+\\
+The raft can either be built of the model's material and cut away later or, if available for the specific plastic, of support material and broken off or dissolved. Check with the [[knowledge-base#materials|Materials']] section to see if a secondary support material is available. For break-away or soluble rafts the dual extrusion function of the RepRap Industrial is required. Remember to check that all necessary calibrations and settings have been made as described [[#basic-dual-extruder-settings|above]].
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:pyrcompuncomp.png?400|netfabb visualization of the ABS test bodies printed for comparison and evaluation. On the left hand-side the uncompensated model, on the right-hand side the model after multiplying with α<sub>L</sub> prior to exporting the .stl.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_adding_raft_layers.png?400|Adding a freely choosen number of raft layers to the print.}}]
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-<WRAP clear></WRAP>
-==== Influence of backlash ====
+<WRAP clear/>
+==== Deactivating the heating elements after end of print job ====
+Sometimes you may want to start a print job just before finishing time or the weekend. Since there is currently no automatic shutdown function, the 3D printer will then stay on all night respectively some days. With the following description you can alter the End G-code of your print so that the heating elements are shut off after the print job has been finished so that the power consumption is reduced significantly. A side effect is, that due to the fact that the build chamber needs some hours to channel off the heat the cooling process is slowed and thereby internal tensions of the printed object are reduced.
+To deactivate the heating elements after a print job:
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-Another factor strongly affecting the dimensional accuracy is the driving unit's backlash, a mechanical characteristic of any device using drive gears, belts and spindle drives to create movement. Whenever the major direction of movements of one of the axes changes and the drive reverses direction, mechanical lash effects a slight offset from the optimal way of movement. This offset, the "backlash", can be measured and compensated by software means to correct the way of movement whenever necessary.
+  - Start your slicing software.
+  - Open the [Printer Settings] tab.
+  - Choose the "Custom G-code" menu.
+  - In the //End G-Code// editor scroll down to the end of the text field and position the cursor in the last line above the ''; /END-GCODE'' entry.
+  - Enter the command\\ ''M104 S0 T2''\\ This will set the heating elements of the build chamber to a temperature of 0 °C.
+  - Enter the command\\ ''M140 S0''\\ This will deactivate the print bed as the last action of the current G-code.
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:axes_movement_theory.png?400|The four directions of movement and the turning points during printing a circle.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r_modify_endgcode_autooff.png?400|Switching off the build chamber heating elements by modifying the Slic3r custom End G-code.}}]
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
+==== Adjusting the build chamber temperature ====
+<WRAP note>
+NOTICE
+//The build chamber temperature is preset to the maximal permissible temperature of +70 °C at delivery.\\ Exceeding +70 °C will damage interior components of the RepRap Industrial such as stepper motors, bearings and electronics.//
+</WRAP>
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-The adjacent pictures exemplarily show the influence of not or incorrectly compensated backlash on the dimensions of a circle, because this is where it is most prominently visible since the direction changes four times.\\
+Since hitherto the RepRap Industrial is the only commercially available Open Source 3D printer with an actively heated build chamber, common slicing software does not feature ambient temperature settings. For some materials, it is advantageous to modify the chamber temperature together with the other temperature settings.
-These figures are based upon a computed simulation with equal settings for the X- and Y-backlash compensation.\\
+The build chamber's temperature of the RepRap Industrial is set via the "Start G-code" which can be manually altered.
-For either movement it is assumed that in the starting position (lower left) both belts are fully in the end stop of the pulley.\\
-\\
+To change the build chamber temperature (in the following example we use our standard //Slic3r// - other
-Regard that over-compensation does not effect a behavior similar to under-compensation, just on the other side, but creates a totally different movement pattern which is not predictable for more complex geometries.\\
+software may differ in denotations):
-\\
+  - Open your slicing software.
-The RepRap Industrial will show slightly different behavior since the axes' drives are differently arranged. The Y-axis almost always needs a higher compensation factor because of the superposition of the two drive belts.\\ More machine-specific information on behavior and how to measure and compensate the backlash of the RepRap Industrial 3D printer can be found in the [[reprap-industrial-v1:service-guide|Service guide]].
+  - Open the tab [Printer Settings].
+  - Choose the //Start G-code// editor in the "Custom G-code" menu.
+  -- Scroll down to\\ ''; PREHEAT BED AND CHAMBER''\\ and position the cursor in the line reading:\\ <code> M104 S70 T2; set recirculating air heater to 70 degree celcius target temperature</code>
+  - Change the entry "S//xy//" (here //S70//) by replacing the value //xy// with the desired temperature, for example //50° C//:\\ <code>M104 S50 T2; set recirculating air heater to 50 degree celcius target temperature</code> (for logical reasons, the comment should be aligned).
+  - If you want to keep the settings, save them in a new profile (see [[http://manual.slic3r.org/|Slic3r manual]]).
+Any G-code exported with this profile loaded will heat the build chamber to the stated temperature prior to printing.
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:backlash_uncompensated.png?400|Effective travel of the print head when  backlash is not or under-compensated.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_slic3r_modify_startendgcode.png?400|Changing the build chamber temperature by modifying the Slic3r custom Start G-code.}}]
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:backlash_over-compensated.png?400|Effective travel of the print head when  backlash is over-compensated.}}]
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
+<WRAP clear/>
-==== Small holes ====
+==== G-code manipulation at the GUI ====
-Small hole dimensions may be subject to two additional error causes apart from shrinkage and print head positioning.
 <WRAP group>
 <WRAP half column>
-When the print head follows a curve the inner side of an extrusion strand is slightly overfilled which results in an excess of material on the inner wall of a hole.\\ The effect is strongest in holes of small diameters (< ∅5 mm).\\
+The following list contains supported G-code commands that can be used on demand to directly interfere with a print procedure or setting via the G-code keyboard of the GUI's **Log** menu.
-\\
-If your print object has little overhanging structures, reducing the outer perimeter extrusion width can help avoiding this effect (see graphic on the right).
-But most effectively it is countered directly in the CAD model since it is impossible to calculate and compensate by hardware and slicing software means.
 </WRAP>
 <WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:small_diameter_deviation_extrusion1.png?400|Overfilling of the inside of the extrusion strand reduces the diameter of small holes.}}]
+[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:tt_gui-loggcodekeys.png?400|The G-code keyboard in the Log menu provides all keys to enter G-code commands.}}]
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:slic3r_advanced_extrusion-width.png?400|Reducing the outer perimeter extrusion width in Slic3r.}}]
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
-<WRAP group>
+^ Command ^ Effect ^  Example  ^
-<WRAP half column>
+|''G1'' | Coordinated Movement X Y Z E |  G1 X130 Y85 Z1.75 E4.35  |
-A minor aspect is the number of triangles a model is built from, i.e. the number of facets. Normally, any .stl's resolution is fine enough for sufficiently reflecting the details of a model  and respectively loss of accuracy is neglectable.\\
+|''G4 S<seconds>'' | Wait for given duration in seconds  |  G4 S5 (waits 5 seconds)  |
-Still, for small bores the number of facets may play a role if it is very low.\\
+|''G28'' | Home all axes | |
-The graphic on the right displays the possible influence of facets on an inner diameter.\\
+|''G90'' | Use absolute coordinates | |
-In case of roughly faceted objects try increasing the resolution of your CAD model to improve dimensional accuracy.
+|''G91'' | Use relative coordinates | |
-</WRAP>
+|''M80'' | Activate build chamber | |
+|''M82'' | Set E codes absolute (default) | |
+|''M83'' | Set E codes relative while in Absolute Coordinates (G90) mode | |
+|''M104 S<temp> T<extruder>'' | Set temperature without wait |  [[#Adjusting the build chamber temperature|Adjusting the build chamber temperature]],\\ [[#Deactivating the heating elements after end of print job|Deactivating the heating elements after end of print job]]  |
+|''M109 S<temp> T<extruder>'' | Set temperature with wait | |
+|''M140 S<temp>'' | Set bed target temp without wait | |
+|''M190 S<temp>'' | Set bed target temp with wait | |
+|''M221 S<extrusion flow multiplier in percent>'' | Increase/decrease given flow rate |  M221 S95\\ -> decrease flow to 95 % of g-code value  |
+|''M220 S<print speed multiplier in percent>''  | Increase/decrease print speed of all drive speeds  |  M220 S95\\ -> decrease print speed to 95 % of g-code value  |
-<WRAP half column>
-[{{:reprap-industrial-v1:diameterdeviationextrusion2.png?400|Correlation of low faceted walls and diameter.}}]
-</WRAP>
-</WRAP>

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